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- March 2022 (Revised July 2022)
- Technical Note
Exploratory Data Analysis
This module note provides an overview of exploratory data analysis for an introduction to data science course. It begins by defining the term "data", and then describes the different types of data that companies work with (structured v. unstructured, categorical v....
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Keywords:
Data Analysis;
Data Science;
Statistics;
Data Visualization;
Exploratory Data Analysis;
Analytics and Data Science;
Analysis
Bojinov, Iavor I., Michael Parzen, and Paul Hamilton. "Exploratory Data Analysis." Harvard Business School Technical Note 622-098, March 2022. (Revised July 2022.)
- winter 2003
- Article
Massively Categorical Variables: Revealing the Information in Zip Codes
We introduce the idea of a massively categorical variable, a variable such as zip code that takes on too many values to be treated in the standard manner, and show how to use it directly as explanatory variables in an econometric model. In an application of this...
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Steenburgh, Thomas J., Andrew Ainslie, and Peder Hans Engebretson. "Massively Categorical Variables: Revealing the Information in Zip Codes." Marketing Science 22, no. 1 (winter 2003): 40–57.
- August 2021
- Article
Multiple Imputation Using Gaussian Copulas
By: F.M. Hollenbach, I. Bojinov, S. Minhas, N.W. Metternich, M.D. Ward and A. Volfovsky
Missing observations are pervasive throughout empirical research, especially in the social sciences. Despite multiple approaches to dealing adequately with missing data, many scholars still fail to address this vital issue. In this paper, we present a simple-to-use...
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Hollenbach, F.M., I. Bojinov, S. Minhas, N.W. Metternich, M.D. Ward, and A. Volfovsky. "Multiple Imputation Using Gaussian Copulas." Special Issue on New Quantitative Approaches to Studying Social Inequality. Sociological Methods & Research 50, no. 3 (August 2021): 1259–1283. (0049124118799381.)
- 19 Dec 2023
- Research & Ideas
$15 Billion in Five Years: What Data Tells Us About MacKenzie Scott’s Philanthropy
finished giving, but with more than $15 billion granted to nearly 2,000 organizations, some meaningful patterns have begun to emerge. We parsed all the Yield Giving donation information available to date and matched it with Internal Revenue Service View Details
- Article
Fast Generalized Subset Scan for Anomalous Pattern Detection
By: Edward McFowland III, Skyler Speakman and Daniel B. Neill
We propose Fast Generalized Subset Scan (FGSS), a new method for detecting anomalous patterns in general categorical data sets. We frame the pattern detection problem as a search over subsets of data records and attributes, maximizing a nonparametric scan statistic...
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Keywords:
Pattern Detection;
Anomaly Detection;
Knowledge Discovery;
Bayesian Networks;
Scan Statistics;
Analytics and Data Science
McFowland III, Edward, Skyler Speakman, and Daniel B. Neill. "Fast Generalized Subset Scan for Anomalous Pattern Detection." Art. 12. Journal of Machine Learning Research 14 (2013): 1533–1561.
- Article
Tabulated Nonsense? Testing the Validity of the Ethnographic Atlas
By: Duman Bahrami-Rad, Anke Becker and Joseph Henrich
The Ethnographic Atlas (Murdock, 1967), an anthropological database, is widely used across the social sciences. The Atlas is a quantified and discretely categorized collection of information gleaned from ethnographies covering more than 1200...
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Bahrami-Rad, Duman, Anke Becker, and Joseph Henrich. "Tabulated Nonsense? Testing the Validity of the Ethnographic Atlas." Art. 109880. Economics Letters 204 (July 2021).
- November 2003 (Revised December 2003)
- Background Note
Note on School Choice in U.S. Public Education
This note surveys school choice in the United States. School choice characterizes the school assignment of approximately 56% of U.S. school-aged children and, in order of popularity, can be categorized into seven types: residential choice, private schools, intra- and...
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Leschly, Stig. "Note on School Choice in U.S. Public Education." Harvard Business School Background Note 804-091, November 2003. (Revised December 2003.)
- Article
Assessing the Food and Drug Administration's Risk-Based Framework for Software Precertification with Top Health Apps in the United States: Quality Improvement Study
By: Noy Alon, Ariel Dora Stern and John Torous
BACKGROUND: As the development of mobile health apps continues to accelerate, the need to implement a framework that can standardize categorizing these apps to allow for efficient, yet robust regulation grows. However, regulators and researchers are faced with numerous...
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Keywords:
Mobile Health;
Smartphone;
Food And Drug Administration;
Risk-based Framework;
Health Care and Treatment;
Mobile and Wireless Technology;
Applications and Software;
Framework
Alon, Noy, Ariel Dora Stern, and John Torous. "Assessing the Food and Drug Administration's Risk-Based Framework for Software Precertification with Top Health Apps in the United States: Quality Improvement Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 10 (October 2020).
- 2013
- Working Paper
An Empirical Study of the Spillover Effects of Workload on Patient Length of Stay
By: Jillian Berry Jaeker and Anita Tucker
We use two years of inpatient data from 243 California hospitals to quantify the relationship between hospital-level workload and patient length of stay (LOS), and its "spillover" effects across patient types. Patients are categorized as medical or surgical, and the...
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Keywords:
Workload;
Processing Times;
Healthcare;
Working Conditions;
Performance Productivity;
Time Management;
Health Care and Treatment;
Health Industry;
California
Berry Jaeker, Jillian, and Anita Tucker. "An Empirical Study of the Spillover Effects of Workload on Patient Length of Stay." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 13-052, December 2012. (Revised July 2013.)
- October 2006 (Revised August 2023)
- Background Note
Note on Student Outcomes in U.S. Public Education
By: Stacey M. Childress, Stig Leschly and John J-H Kim
Surveys educational outcomes among public school students in the United States. Educational outcomes are categorized as achievement outcomes (measured primarily by students' performance on standardized test results) and attainment outcomes (measured primarily by...
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Keywords:
Demographics;
Education;
Outcome or Result;
Public Administration Industry;
Education Industry;
United States
Childress, Stacey M., Stig Leschly, and John J-H Kim. "Note on Student Outcomes in U.S. Public Education." Harvard Business School Background Note 307-068, October 2006. (Revised August 2023.)
- 2023
- Article
M4: A Unified XAI Benchmark for Faithfulness Evaluation of Feature Attribution Methods across Metrics, Modalities, and Models
By: Himabindu Lakkaraju, Xuhong Li, Mengnan Du, Jiamin Chen, Yekun Chai and Haoyi Xiong
While Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques have been widely studied to explain predictions made by deep neural networks, the way to evaluate the faithfulness of explanation results remains challenging, due to the heterogeneity of explanations for...
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Keywords:
AI and Machine Learning
Lakkaraju, Himabindu, Xuhong Li, Mengnan Du, Jiamin Chen, Yekun Chai, and Haoyi Xiong. "M4: A Unified XAI Benchmark for Faithfulness Evaluation of Feature Attribution Methods across Metrics, Modalities, and Models." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (2023).
- 13 Feb 2007
- Working Paper Summaries
Electronic Hierarchies and Electronic Heterarchies: Relationship-Specific Assets and the Governance of Interfirm IT
- 11 Apr 2023
- Research & Ideas
Is Amazon a Retailer, a Tech Firm, or a Media Company? How AI Can Help Investors Decide
estate company—they have a lot of buildings,” says MarcAntonio Awada, head of research and data science at the Digital, Data, and Design Institute at Harvard (D^3). For an investor looking for an edge, the distinction could be critical....
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- August 2022
- Article
Availability of New Medicines in the U.S. and Germany From 2004 to 2018
By: Katharina Blankart, Huseyin Naci and Amitabh Chandra
Importance: Germany's unique approach to coverage determination and pricing has ensured that effective medicines remain on the market, often at prices reduced through negotiation. However, less is known about trade-offs of this approach with regard to initial...
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Keywords:
Market Entry and Exit;
Price;
Market Timing;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Pharmaceutical Industry;
United States;
Germany
Blankart, Katharina, Huseyin Naci, and Amitabh Chandra. "Availability of New Medicines in the U.S. and Germany From 2004 to 2018." e2229231. JAMA Network Open 5, no. 8 (August 2022).
- Article
The Ownership and Trading of Debt Claims in Chapter 11 Restructurings
By: Victoria Ivashina, Benjamin Iverson and David C. Smith
What is the ownership structure of bankrupt debt claims? How does the ownership evolve though bankruptcy? And how does debt ownership influence Chapter 11 outcomes? To answer these questions, we construct a data set that identifies the entire capital structure for 136...
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Keywords:
Ownership Structure;
Distressed Debt;
Trading In Bankruptcy;
Restructuring;
Capital Structure;
Insolvency and Bankruptcy;
Ownership;
Borrowing and Debt;
United States
Ivashina, Victoria, Benjamin Iverson, and David C. Smith. "The Ownership and Trading of Debt Claims in Chapter 11 Restructurings." Journal of Financial Economics 119, no. 2 (February 2016): 316–335.
- 15 May 2015
- Research & Ideas
Kids Benefit From Having a Working Mom
To gauge the global effect of working moms, the researchers dug into data from the International Social Survey Programme, a global consortium of organizations that conduct social science research, and studied 2002 and 2012 responses to a...
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Keywords:
by Carmen Nobel
- 10 Jan 2023
- Research & Ideas
How to Live Happier in 2023: Diversify Your Social Circle
closely, the researchers conducted an online survey of nearly 600 people in the United States, asking them to recall their social interactions the previous day and categorize them into categories like stranger, acquaintance, friend, or...
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Keywords:
by Michael Blanding
- 18 May 2022
- Research & Ideas
Are Banks the ‘Bad Guys’? Overdraft Fees Are Crushing Low-Income Customers
organized deposits by high-to-low ordering as of 2016, according to a report by the Pew Charitable Trusts. "We always thought of banks as being the good guys and payday lenders as being the bad guys." At least a quarter of US households are View Details
- 11 Apr 2012
- Research & Ideas
The High Risks of Short-Term Management
companies are being managed for the long term." Their first order of business was to determine a method for categorizing companies on the short-term/long-term continuum. The answer came in the very words used by executives to discuss...
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- 06 Feb 2020
- Research & Ideas
What We Learned from Reading Jeff Bezos’ Patents
works on specific types of inventions We were also interested in the types of inventions Bezos was personally involved in, so we broadly categorized his patents based on information in the patent abstract and description. We found that...
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