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Adoption →
- August 1995 (Revised September 1995)
- Background Note
Designing and Managing the Information Age IT Architecture
The co-evolution of technology, work, and the workforce over the past 30 years has dramatically influenced our concept of organizations and the industries within which they compete. No longer simply a tool to support "back-office" transactions, IT has become a...
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Applegate, Lynda M. "Designing and Managing the Information Age IT Architecture." Harvard Business School Background Note 196-005, August 1995. (Revised September 1995.)
- August 1995
- Background Note
Managing in an Information Age: IT Challenges and Opportunities
The co-evolution of technology, work, and the workforce over the past 30 years has dramatically influenced our concept of organizations and the industries within which they compete. No longer simply a tool to support "back-office" transactions, IT has become a...
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Keywords:
Information Technology;
Information Management;
Restructuring;
Technological Innovation;
Corporate Strategy;
Organizational Design;
Organizational Change and Adaptation;
Information Technology Industry
Applegate, Lynda M. "Managing in an Information Age: IT Challenges and Opportunities." Harvard Business School Background Note 196-004, August 1995.
- June 1995
- Case
Northern Telecom and Netas (B): Transferring Technology to Central Asia
By: Rosabeth M. Kanter, Kalman D. Applbaum and Pamela A. Yatsko
In the early 1990s, the Turkish telecommunications firm, Netas, established joint ventures in Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan as miniature replications of Netas's own experience on the receiving end of technology transfer with Netas's 51% owner, Northern Telecom. This case...
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Keywords:
Joint Ventures;
Mobile and Wireless Technology;
Change Management;
Transition;
Developing Countries and Economies;
Organizational Change and Adaptation;
Learning;
Technology Adoption;
Telecommunications Industry;
Turkey;
Kazakhstan;
Azerbaijan
Kanter, Rosabeth M., Kalman D. Applbaum, and Pamela A. Yatsko. "Northern Telecom and Netas (B): Transferring Technology to Central Asia." Harvard Business School Case 395-088, June 1995.
- May 1995 (Revised April 1998)
- Case
AT&T Paradyne
By: Robert S. Kaplan
A company making data communication devices has adopted a Total Quality philosophy for working with suppliers, employees, and customers. The finance group finds its existing cost system has become obsolete because of a shift from manual to automatic production...
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Keywords:
Decisions;
Product;
Corporate Accountability;
Activity Based Costing and Management;
System;
Performance Efficiency;
Financial Reporting;
Operations;
Technology Industry;
Telecommunications Industry
Kaplan, Robert S. "AT&T Paradyne." Harvard Business School Case 195-165, May 1995. (Revised April 1998.)
- April 1995 (Revised September 1997)
- Case
Frito-Lay, Inc.: A Strategic Transition, 1987-1992 (Abridged)
A new CEO must take action to return the company to profitability, to clarify the vision, and then to build the infrastructure (human, capital, and information) needed to support the long-term change in strategy and organization. The case provides a rich description of...
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Keywords:
Organizational Change and Adaptation;
Change Management;
Leading Change;
Information Technology;
Adaptation;
Technology Adoption;
Manufacturing Industry;
Food and Beverage Industry
Applegate, Lynda M. "Frito-Lay, Inc.: A Strategic Transition, 1987-1992 (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 195-238, April 1995. (Revised September 1997.)
- February 1995 (Revised June 1999)
- Case
Chemical Bank: Implementing the Balanced Scorecard
By: Robert S. Kaplan and Norman Klein
The retail bank division of Chemical Bank faces declining margins and increased competition in its credit and deposit gathering and processing business. It wishes to implement a new strategy to become a preferred financial service provider to target customer groups....
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Keywords:
Balanced Scorecard;
Adoption;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Communication Strategy;
Customer Relationship Management;
Management Systems;
Performance Evaluation;
Banks and Banking;
Measurement and Metrics;
Banking Industry
Kaplan, Robert S., and Norman Klein. "Chemical Bank: Implementing the Balanced Scorecard." Harvard Business School Case 195-210, February 1995. (Revised June 1999.)
- February 1995 (Revised October 1995)
- Case
Doing Business in a Distributed World: Clients, Servers, and the Stuff in Between
By: Lynda M. Applegate and Geoffrey Bock
Examines business computing as it is evolving in the 1990s. Compares the highly centralized and tightly controlled systems of the past with today's flexible, networked, client/server technology. Serves as an introduction to client/server terminology and technology.
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Keywords:
Information Infrastructure;
Information Technology;
Performance Improvement;
Transformation;
Technological Innovation;
Business Strategy;
Adoption;
Information Technology Industry
Applegate, Lynda M., and Geoffrey Bock. "Doing Business in a Distributed World: Clients, Servers, and the Stuff in Between." Harvard Business School Case 195-211, February 1995. (Revised October 1995.)
- January 1995 (Revised November 1996)
- Case
Avalon Information Services, Inc.
By: Lynn S. Paine and Wilda White
The Privacy Review Committee of Avalon Information Services must decide how to deal with concerns voiced by its retail supermarket customers about the privacy of consumer data collected through Avalon's point-of-sale data collection program. One customer is proposing...
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Keywords:
Mission and Purpose;
Safety;
Demand and Consumers;
Rights;
Analytics and Data Science;
Information Technology;
Ethics;
Information Industry
Paine, Lynn S., and Wilda White. "Avalon Information Services, Inc." Harvard Business School Case 395-036, January 1995. (Revised November 1996.)
- January 1995
- Case
3M: Profile of an Innovating Company
By: Christopher A. Bartlett and Afroze A Mohammed
Traces the birth and development of 3M Corp., focusing in particular on the origins of its entrepreneurially-based ability to innovate. In particular, it highlights the role of CEO William L. McKnight in creating a unique set of values, policies, and structures to...
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Bartlett, Christopher A., and Afroze A Mohammed. "3M: Profile of an Innovating Company." Harvard Business School Case 395-016, January 1995.
- September 1994
- Case
Marks & Spencer: Sir Richard Greenbury's Quiet Revolution
By: Joseph L. Bower and John B. Matthews Jr.
Marks & Spencer (M&S) is one of the world's greatest companies. In 1994, its management was chosen the most admired in Europe by 637 peers. The case explores how Sir Richard Greenbury, appointed the new chairman of the company in 1991, transformed his inheritance into...
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Keywords:
Growth and Development Strategy;
Business or Company Management;
Business Strategy;
Management Teams;
Global Strategy;
Multinational Firms and Management;
Europe;
United States
Bower, Joseph L., and John B. Matthews Jr. "Marks & Spencer: Sir Richard Greenbury's Quiet Revolution." Harvard Business School Case 395-054, September 1994.
- September 1994
- Case
American Airlines: Object Oriented Flight Dispatching Systems
By: F. Warren McFarlan and Espen Andersen
American Airlines Describes has organized and developed their Systems Operation Control (SOC) center in Dallas, from which the day-to-day running of the airline takes place. This case details the decision support system used by the flight dispatchers, and the...
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Keywords:
Technological Innovation;
Product Development;
Programs;
Complexity;
Technology Adoption;
Air Transportation;
Air Transportation Industry;
United States
McFarlan, F. Warren, and Espen Andersen. "American Airlines: Object Oriented Flight Dispatching Systems." Harvard Business School Case 195-046, September 1994.
- June 1994 (Revised September 1994)
- Background Note
Commercializing Technology: Imaginative Understanding of User Needs
The transformation of technology into commercially successful products is a process fraught with risk and uncertainty, and increasing pressure on time to market is exacerbating the difficulties. This note first describes a study conducted by Hewlett-Packard to improve...
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Keywords:
Transformation;
Communication Strategy;
Customers;
Design;
Marketing;
Consumer Behavior;
Product Development;
Research;
Risk and Uncertainty;
Commercialization;
Technology Adoption
Leonard, Dorothy A. "Commercializing Technology: Imaginative Understanding of User Needs." Harvard Business School Background Note 694-102, June 1994. (Revised September 1994.)
- March 1994
- Article
Expropriation and Inventions: Appropriable Rents in the Absence of Property Rights
By: J. Anton and Dennis Yao
We analyze the problem faced by a financially weak independent inventor when selling a valuable, but easily imitated, invention for which no property rights exist. The inventor can protect his or her intellectual property by negotiating a contingent contract (with a...
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Anton, J., and Dennis Yao. "Expropriation and Inventions: Appropriable Rents in the Absence of Property Rights." American Economic Review 84, no. 1 (March 1994): 190–209. (reprinted in Z. Acs, ed., The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship, Elgar, 2010). Harvard users click here for full text.)
- February 1994 (Revised July 2005)
- Case
Competitive Information Policy at Pratt & Whitney
By: Lynn S. Paine
Officials at United Technologies Corp. (UTC) must decide on an ethics policy to govern competitive intelligence gathering. The flow of competitor information into the Pratt & Whitney division has declined sharply since adoption of UTC's code of ethics. A rewritten...
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Keywords:
Policy;
Corporate Governance;
Ethics;
Competition;
Information Management;
Business or Company Management;
Law
Paine, Lynn S. "Competitive Information Policy at Pratt & Whitney." Harvard Business School Case 394-154, February 1994. (Revised July 2005.)
- September 1993 (Revised July 1995)
- Background Note
Public Policy and the Manager: Conceptual Framework
Government intervention in markets may have significant effects--both positive and negative--on a firm's strategic options and its performance outcomes. Thus the ability to analyze the origins, implications, and dynamics of public policy is a critical managerial skill...
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Keywords:
Policy;
Management Skills;
Government and Politics;
Adoption;
Business Strategy;
Performance Evaluation;
Economic Systems
Emmons, Willis M., III. "Public Policy and the Manager: Conceptual Framework." Harvard Business School Background Note 794-028, September 1993. (Revised July 1995.)
- June 1993 (Revised December 1995)
- Case
Frito-Lay, Inc.: The Navigator Project (A)
By: Lynda M. Applegate, Richard O. Mason and Melinda Conrad
Provides an overview of the company's recent organizational changes followed by a discussion of the company's new sales promotion software, "Promotion Planner." The president of Frito-Lay's central division must decide how he should proceed with the rollout of this new...
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Keywords:
Information Technology;
Technology Adoption;
Organizational Change and Adaptation;
Trends;
Innovation Strategy;
Marketing Communications;
Decision Choices and Conditions;
Food and Beverage Industry;
Manufacturing Industry
Applegate, Lynda M., Richard O. Mason, and Melinda Conrad. "Frito-Lay, Inc.: The Navigator Project (A)." Harvard Business School Case 193-025, June 1993. (Revised December 1995.)
- March 1993
- Background Note
Stages Theory, The: A Framework for IT Adoption and Organizational Learning
By: Richard L. Nolan, David Croson and Katherine Seger
Describes Professor Richard Nolan's Stages Theory of Information Technology adoption by organizations.
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Keywords:
Information;
Body of Literature;
Information Management;
Information Publishing;
Adoption;
Organizational Structure;
Organizational Design;
Decision Making;
Information Technology Industry
Nolan, Richard L., David Croson, and Katherine Seger. "Stages Theory, The: A Framework for IT Adoption and Organizational Learning." Harvard Business School Background Note 193-141, March 1993.
- March 1993
- Background Note
Note on Information Technology and Strategy
By: Richard L. Nolan and Katherine Seger
Provides a context for the evolution of information technology in business organizations, explains the emergence of information as an important resource to be managed, and provides a framework for assessing the strategic potential of information in the firm.
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Keywords:
Information;
Information Management;
Information Technology;
Business Strategy;
Competitive Strategy;
Cooperation;
Adoption;
Body of Literature;
Archives;
Annual Reports;
Information Technology Industry
Nolan, Richard L., and Katherine Seger. "Note on Information Technology and Strategy." Harvard Business School Background Note 193-137, March 1993.
- February 1993 (Revised April 1995)
- Case
Sharp Corporation: Technology Strategy
By: David J. Collis and Tomo Noda
Teaches the evolution of the corporate strategy of Sharp Corp., Japan. Sharp Corp., a second-tier assembler of TV sets and home appliances, gradually and consistently improved performance by developing expertise in electronic device technologies such as specialized ICs...
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Keywords:
Innovation and Invention;
Leadership;
Performance Improvement;
Corporate Strategy;
Diversification;
Technology Adoption;
Electronics Industry;
Japan
Collis, David J., and Tomo Noda. "Sharp Corporation: Technology Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 793-064, February 1993. (Revised April 1995.)