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  • October 2023
  • Teaching Note

Timnit Gebru: 'SILENCED No More' on AI Bias and The Harms of Large Language Models
By: Tsedal Neeley and Tim Englehart
Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 422-085. Dr. Timnit Gebru—a leading artificial intelligence (AI) computer scientist and co-lead of Google’s Ethical AI team—was messaging with one of her colleagues when she saw the words: “Did you resign?? Megan sent an email saying that...  View Details
Keywords: Ethics; Employment; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Technological Innovation
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  • 2023
  • Working Paper

Causal Interpretation of Structural IV Estimands
By: Isaiah Andrews, Nano Barahona, Matthew Gentzkow, Ashesh Rambachan and Jesse M. Shapiro
We study the causal interpretation of instrumental variables (IV) estimands of nonlinear, multivariate structural models with respect to rich forms of model misspecification. We focus on guaranteeing that the researcher's estimator is sharp zero consistent, meaning...  View Details
Keywords: Mathematical Methods
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  • October 2023
  • Article

Improving Regulatory Effectiveness Through Better Targeting: Evidence from OSHA
By: Matthew S. Johnson, David I. Levine and Michael W. Toffel
We study how a regulator can best target inspections. Our case study is a U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) program that randomly allocated some inspections. On average, each inspection averted 2.4 serious injuries (9%) over the next five years....  View Details
Keywords: Safety Regulations; Regulations; Regulatory Enforcement; Machine Learning Models; Safety; Operations; Service Operations; Production; Forecasting and Prediction; Decisions; United States
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  • September 2023
  • Module Note

Live Case Exercise for Financial Reporting
By: Tatiana Sandino and Marshal Herrmann
Harvard Business School employs the case method as a cornerstone of its pedagogy, providing students with opportunities to engage in discussions related to difficult or contentious decisions confronted by real-world organizations. In this “live case,” we depart from...  View Details
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  • September 2023
  • Case

Helmy Abouleish: Making a Desert Bloom
By: Geoffrey G. Jones and Maxim Pike Harrell
This case examines the history of prominent Egyptian-based social enterprise SEKEM from its foundation in 1977 until the COP27 conference held in Sharm El-Sheikh in 2022. Led by father and son team Ibrahim and Helmy Abouleish, SEKEM turned desert into farmland using...  View Details
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  • September–October 2023
  • Article

Interpretable Matrix Completion: A Discrete Optimization Approach
By: Dimitris Bertsimas and Michael Lingzhi Li
We consider the problem of matrix completion on an n × m matrix. We introduce the problem of interpretable matrix completion that aims to provide meaningful insights for the low-rank matrix using side information. We show that the problem can be...  View Details
Keywords: Mathematical Methods
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  • 2023
  • Working Paper

Large Shocks Travel Fast
By: Alberto Cavallo, Francesco Lippi and Ken Miyahara
We leverage the inflation upswing of 2022 and various granular datasets to identify robust price-setting patterns following a large supply shock. We show that the frequency of price changes increases dramatically after a large shock. We set up a parsimonious New...  View Details
Keywords: Macroeconomics; Analytics and Data Science; Inflation and Deflation; Cost; Mathematical Methods
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  • 2023
  • Article

On Minimizing the Impact of Dataset Shifts on Actionable Explanations
By: Anna P. Meyer, Dan Ley, Suraj Srinivas and Himabindu Lakkaraju
The Right to Explanation is an important regulatory principle that allows individuals to request actionable explanations for algorithmic decisions. However, several technical challenges arise when providing such actionable explanations in practice. For instance, models...  View Details
Keywords: Mathematical Methods; Analytics and Data Science
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  • August 2023
  • Supplement

Parexel (B): The Future of the CRO Industry
By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Ben Creo
How should Parexel respond to the rapidly changing environment in clinical research, now that it is owned by a private equity firm and its founder is no longer with the firm?

Parexel, a major clinical research organization, has experienced substantial...  View Details
Keywords: New Technology; Strategic Evolution; Innovation; Health Testing and Trials; Research and Development; Private Equity; Private Ownership; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Health Industry
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  • July–August 2023
  • Article

Demand Learning and Pricing for Varying Assortments
By: Kris Ferreira and Emily Mower
Problem Definition: We consider the problem of demand learning and pricing for retailers who offer assortments of substitutable products that change frequently, e.g., due to limited inventory, perishable or time-sensitive products, or the retailer’s desire to...  View Details
Keywords: Experiments; Pricing And Revenue Management; Retailing; Demand Estimation; Pricing Algorithm; Marketing; Price; Demand and Consumers; Mathematical Methods
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  • 2023
  • Working Paper

How People Use Statistics
By: Pedro Bordalo, John J. Conlon, Nicola Gennaioli, Spencer Yongwook Kwon and Andrei Shleifer
We document two new facts about the distributions of answers in famous statistical problems: they are i) multi-modal and ii) unstable with respect to irrelevant changes in the problem. We offer a model in which, when solving a problem, people represent each hypothesis...  View Details
Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Microeconomics; Mathematical Methods; Behavioral Finance
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  • 2023
  • Article

Towards Bridging the Gaps between the Right to Explanation and the Right to Be Forgotten
By: Himabindu Lakkaraju, Satyapriya Krishna and Jiaqi Ma
The Right to Explanation and the Right to be Forgotten are two important principles outlined to regulate algorithmic decision making and data usage in real-world applications. While the right to explanation allows individuals to request an actionable explanation for an...  View Details
Keywords: Analytics and Data Science; AI and Machine Learning; Decision Making; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
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  • 2023
  • Article

Building the Business Case for an Inclusive Approach to Digital Health Measurement with a Web App (Market Opportunity Calculator): Instrument Development Study
By: Mitchell Tang, Yashoda Sharma, Jennifer C. Goldsack and Ariel Dora Stern
Background: The use of digital health measurement tools has grown substantially in recent years. However, there are concerns that the promised benefits from these products will not be shared equitably. Underserved populations, such as those with lower education and...  View Details
Keywords: Demographics; Product Development; Health Care and Treatment; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry
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  • July 2023
  • Article

Design and Analysis of Switchback Experiments
By: Iavor I Bojinov, David Simchi-Levi and Jinglong Zhao
In switchback experiments, a firm sequentially exposes an experimental unit to a random treatment, measures its response, and repeats the procedure for several periods to determine which treatment leads to the best outcome. Although practitioners have widely adopted...  View Details
Keywords: Switchback Experiments; Design; Analysis; Mathematical Methods
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  • June 2023
  • Case

Albert Einstein: Changing the World
By: Robert Simons and Shirley Sun
This case traces the rise of Albert Einstein from a small town in Germany to a towering intellectual leader who revolutionized the field of physics. The case describes his early education and his penchant for individual thinking and non-conformity. A committed...  View Details
Keywords: Science; Research; Personal Characteristics; Mission and Purpose; Success; Work-Life Balance; Higher Education; Power and Influence
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  • June 2023
  • Case

Accounting for Loan Losses at JPMorgan Chase: Predicting Credit Costs
By: Jonas Heese, Jung Koo Kang and James Weber
The case examines the accounting for loan losses at a large bank, how a bank sets its Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses (ALLL) on its financial statements. ALLL, and the rules that set them, determine when banks would and would not extend loans, which significantly...  View Details
Keywords: Financial Statements; Financial Reporting; Banks and Banking; Financing and Loans; Banking Industry; United States
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  • 2023
  • Working Paper

Design-Based Confidence Sequences: A General Approach to Risk Mitigation in Online Experimentation
By: Dae Woong Ham, Michael Lindon, Martin Tingley and Iavor Bojinov
Randomized experiments have become the standard method for companies to evaluate the performance of new products or services. In addition to augmenting managers’ decision-making, experimentation mitigates risk by limiting the proportion of customers exposed to...  View Details
Keywords: Performance Evaluation; Research and Development; Analytics and Data Science; Consumer Behavior
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  • June 2023
  • Case

Betting on Green Steel
By: George Serafeim and Sofoklis Melissovas
'Betting on Green Steel' traces the innovative journey embarked upon by a group of MBA students who have set out to conceive a novel steelmaker that pioneers the production of green steel. The ensemble is confronted with a series of critical choices that will shape the...  View Details
Keywords: Decarbonization; Sustainability; Sustainability Management; Technology; Technology Adoption; Industrialization; Climate Change; Climate Risk; Innovation; Energy; Entrepreneurship; Steel Industry; Middle East; India
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  • May 2023 (Revised June 2023)
  • Case

Novartis (A): Reimagining Medicine
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Claudio Feser, Karolin Frankenberger and David Redaschi
This case unfolds around the first-ever approved personalized cancer treatment, how Novartis wrapped it into a new business model design, and how Novartis scaled it. Novartis — one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world — is, among other ventures,...  View Details
Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Business Model; Leadership; Pharmaceutical Industry; Switzerland
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  • May 2023 (Revised June 2023)
  • Supplement

Novartis (B): Reimagining Medicine
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Claudio Feser, Karolin Frankenberger and David Redaschi
This case unfolds around the first-ever approved personalized cancer treatment, how Novartis wrapped it into a new business model design, and how Novartis scaled it. Novartis — one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world — is, among other ventures,...  View Details
Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Business Model; Production; Business Strategy; Pharmaceutical Industry
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