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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (3,734)
      • Faculty Publications  (356)

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      • 2022
      • Article

      Exploring Counterfactual Explanations Through the Lens of Adversarial Examples: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis.

      By: Martin Pawelczyk, Chirag Agarwal, Shalmali Joshi, Sohini Upadhyay and Himabindu Lakkaraju
      As machine learning (ML) models become more widely deployed in high-stakes applications, counterfactual explanations have emerged as key tools for providing actionable model explanations in practice. Despite the growing popularity of counterfactual explanations, a...  View Details
      Keywords: Machine Learning Models; Counterfactual Explanations; Adversarial Examples; Mathematical Methods
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      Pawelczyk, Martin, Chirag Agarwal, Shalmali Joshi, Sohini Upadhyay, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "Exploring Counterfactual Explanations Through the Lens of Adversarial Examples: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis." Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS) 25th (2022).
      • 2022
      • Book

      The Digital Mindset: What It Really Takes to Thrive in the Age of Data, Algorithms, and AI

      By: Paul Leonardi and Tsedal Neeley
      The pressure to "be digital" has never been greater, but you can meet the challenge. The digital revolution is here, changing how work gets done, how industries are structured, and how people from all walks of life work, behave, and relate to each other. To thrive...  View Details
      Keywords: Digital; Artificial Intelligence; Big Data; Digital Transformation; Technological Innovation; Transformation; Learning; Competency and Skills
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      Leonardi, Paul, and Tsedal Neeley. The Digital Mindset: What It Really Takes to Thrive in the Age of Data, Algorithms, and AI. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2022.
      • April 18, 2022
      • Article

      Will mRNA Technology Companies Spawn Innovation Ecosystems?

      By: Christoph Grimpe, Timo Minssen, W. Nicholson Price, II and Ariel Dora Stern
      The mRNA technologies that helped rapidly create effective COVID-19 vaccines could become technology platform businesses, which has tremendous implications for players in the world of drug development. These platforms could attract other companies interested in...  View Details
      Keywords: Health Care; Digital Health; Technology; Innovation; Health Care and Treatment; Technological Innovation; Digital Transformation; Health Industry; United States
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      Grimpe, Christoph, Timo Minssen, W. Nicholson Price, II, and Ariel Dora Stern. "Will mRNA Technology Companies Spawn Innovation Ecosystems?" Harvard Business Review (website) (April 18, 2022).
      • March 2022 (Revised April 2022)
      • Case

      In Search of Global Regulation

      By: Geoffrey Jones and Mona Rahmani
      The history of the international regulation of global capitalism is surveyed, addressing the challenges facing firms confronting international, national, and regional regulation. Follows the history of global regulation after 1914, from the League of Nations;...  View Details
      Keywords: History; Multinational Firms and Management; International Relations; Laws and Statutes; Corporate Governance; Business and Government Relations
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      Jones, Geoffrey, and Mona Rahmani. "In Search of Global Regulation." Harvard Business School Case 822-122, March 2022. (Revised April 2022.)
      • March 2022
      • Case

      Nexleaf Analytics: Saving the World Using the Internet of Things

      By: Frank Nagle
      In 2019, a decade after co-founding Nexleaf Analytics, CEO Nithya Ramanathan faced an important decision that would impact the ability of the small, but growing, not-for-profit organization to thrive for another decade. Their sensor technologies and big data analytics...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Strategy; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation; Nonprofit Organizations; Competitive Strategy; Patents; Expansion; Information Technology; Health Industry; Information Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Technology Industry
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      Nagle, Frank. "Nexleaf Analytics: Saving the World Using the Internet of Things." Harvard Business School Case 722-414, March 2022.
      • February 2022
      • Case

      Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi

      By: Linda A. Hill and Emily Tedards
      In 2006, the Cleveland Clinic and Mubadala Investment Company partnered with a bold ambition to deliver world class healthcare in the United Arab Emirates. In 2015, after nearly a decade of planning and construction, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi opened its doors. By...  View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Behavior; Culture; Alignment; Organizational Effectiveness; Purpose; Impact; Leadership Development; Diversity; Collaboration; Co-creation; Learning Organizations; Empowerment; Teams; Team Dynamics; Teamwork; Team Effectiveness; Trust; Talent; Talent Development And Retention; Psychological Safety; Organizational Evolution; Coaching; Board; Analytics; Innovation; Data; Data Visualization; Digital Technology; Digital; Customer Experience; Experimentation; Change Management; Data-driven Decision-making; Debates; Ecosystem; Partnership; Telemedicine; Sustainability; Global Organizations; Local; Hospital; Healthcare; United Arab Emirates; Health Care and Treatment; Partners and Partnerships; Globalization; Quality; Organizational Culture; Mission and Purpose; Innovation and Management; Information Technology; Joint Ventures; Leadership; Performance Effectiveness; Abu Dhabi; United Arab Emirates
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      Hill, Linda A., and Emily Tedards. "Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi." Harvard Business School Case 422-058, February 2022.
      • February 2022
      • Case

      Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (Abridged)

      By: Linda A. Hill and Emily Tedards
      In 2006, the Cleveland Clinic and Mubadala Investment Company partnered with a bold ambition to deliver world class healthcare in the United Arab Emirates. In 2015, after nearly a decade of planning and construction, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi opened its doors. By...  View Details
      Keywords: Organization Behavior; Culture; Alignment; Organizational Effectiveness; Purpose; Impact; Leadership Development; Diversity; Collaboration; Co-creation; Learning Organizations; Empowerment; Teams; Team Dynamics; Teamwork; Team Effectiveness; Trust; Talent; Talent Development And Retention; Psychological Safety; Organizational Evolution; Coaching; Board; Analytics; Innovation; Data; Data Visualization; Digital Technology; Digital; Customer Experience; Experimentation; Change Management; Data-driven Decision-making; Debates; Ecosystem; Partnership; Telemedicine; Sustainability; Global Organizations; Local; Hospital; Healthcare; United Arab Emirates; Health Care and Treatment; Partners and Partnerships; Globalization; Quality; Organizational Culture; Mission and Purpose; Innovation and Management; Information Technology; Joint Ventures; Leadership; Performance Effectiveness; Abu Dhabi; United Arab Emirates
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      Hill, Linda A., and Emily Tedards. "Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 422-056, February 2022.
      • February 2022 (Revised March 2022)
      • Case

      Aleph Farms: A New Culture of Meat

      By: Elie Ofek and Jeff Huizinga
      Aleph Farms, an Israeli food-tech start-up, was hoping to play a major role in disrupting the conventional meat sector. Compared to intensive agricultural practices, Aleph’s cultured (or lab-grown) meat solution held the promise of considerably reducing greenhouse gas...  View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Disruptive Innovation; Adoption; Go To Market Strategy; Industry Evolution; Food Industry; Environmental And Social Sustainability; Marketing Of Innovations; Brand Building; Capital Expenditures-equipment; Disruption; Green Technology; Environmental Sustainability; Food; Market Entry and Exit; Brands and Branding; Consumer Behavior; Competitive Strategy; Growth and Development Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Ofek, Elie, and Jeff Huizinga. "Aleph Farms: A New Culture of Meat." Harvard Business School Case 522-071, February 2022. (Revised March 2022.)
      • January 2022
      • Case

      FIFA and The World Cup: The Future of Football

      By: Anita Elberse, Oliver Band and Howard Johnson
      Should FIFA host its biggest event—the FIFA World Cup—every two years instead of every four, as it has been doing since the event’s inception in the 1930s? In September 2021, Gianni Infantino, the president of the International Federation of Association Football...  View Details
      Keywords: Sports; Soccer; Football; Entertainment; Media; Talent Development; Globalization; Marketing; Strategy; General Management; Governance; Decision Making; Governing and Advisory Boards; Problems and Challenges; Brands and Branding; Sports Industry; Entertainment and Recreation Industry
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      Elberse, Anita, Oliver Band, and Howard Johnson. "FIFA and The World Cup: The Future of Football." Harvard Business School Case 522-076, January 2022.
      • 2022
      • Book

      Ripe for Revolution: Building Socialism in the Third World

      By: Jeremy Friedman
      A historical account of ideology in the Global South as the postwar laboratory of socialism, its legacy following the Cold War, and the continuing influence of socialist ideas worldwide.

      In the first decades after World War II, many newly independent...  View Details
      Keywords: Socialism; Economic Systems; Globalization; Government and Politics; Developing Countries and Economies
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      Friedman, Jeremy. Ripe for Revolution: Building Socialism in the Third World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2022.
      • Article

      Reliable Post hoc Explanations: Modeling Uncertainty in Explainability

      By: Dylan Slack, Sophie Hilgard, Sameer Singh and Himabindu Lakkaraju
      As black box explanations are increasingly being employed to establish model credibility in high stakes settings, it is important to ensure that these explanations are accurate and reliable. However, prior work demonstrates that explanations generated by...  View Details
      Keywords: Black Box Explanations; Bayesian Modeling; Decision Making; Risk and Uncertainty; Information Technology
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      Slack, Dylan, Sophie Hilgard, Sameer Singh, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "Reliable Post hoc Explanations: Modeling Uncertainty in Explainability." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) 34 (2021).
      • Article

      Social Technology: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Improving Care for Older Adults

      By: Arthur Kleinman, Hongtu Chen, Sue E. Levkoff, Ann Forsyth, David E. Bloom, Winnie Yip, Tarun Khanna, Conor J. Walsh, David Perry, Ellen W. Seely, Anne S. Kleinman, Yan Zhang, Yuan Wang, Jun Jing, Tianshu Pan, Ning An, Zhenggang Bai, Jiexiu Wang, Qing Liu and Fawwaz Habbal
      Population aging is a defining demographic reality of our era. It is associated with an increase in the societal burden of delivering care to older adults with chronic conditions or frailty. How to integrate global population aging and technology development to help...  View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Age; Service Delivery; Information Technology; Collaborative Innovation and Invention
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      Kleinman, Arthur, Hongtu Chen, Sue E. Levkoff, Ann Forsyth, David E. Bloom, Winnie Yip, Tarun Khanna, Conor J. Walsh, David Perry, Ellen W. Seely, Anne S. Kleinman, Yan Zhang, Yuan Wang, Jun Jing, Tianshu Pan, Ning An, Zhenggang Bai, Jiexiu Wang, Qing Liu, and Fawwaz Habbal. "Social Technology: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Improving Care for Older Adults." Art. 729149. Frontiers in Public Health 9 (2021).
      • November 2021 (Revised February 2022)
      • Case

      The Global Great Depression, 1929-1939

      By: Alberto Cavallo, Sophus A. Reinert and Federica Gabrieli
      The Great Depression was, by far, the worst economic contraction of the twentieth century, and some of the most important ideas about both fiscal and monetary policy in the second half of the century were developed in response to it. The economic collapse, which...  View Details
      Keywords: Great Depression; Economic Conditions; Unemployment; Homelessness; Financial Crisis; History; Economy; Policy; Poverty; Social Issues
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      Cavallo, Alberto, Sophus A. Reinert, and Federica Gabrieli. "The Global Great Depression, 1929-1939." Harvard Business School Case 722-034, November 2021. (Revised February 2022.)
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      The International Price of Remote Work

      By: Alberto Cavallo, Javier Cravino, Andres Drenik and Agostina Brinatti
      We use data from a large web-based job platform to study how the price of remote work is determined in a globalized labor market. In the platform, workers from around the world compete for jobs that can be done remotely. We document that, despite the global nature of...  View Details
      Keywords: Remote Work; Exchange Rates; Purchasing Power Parity; Offshoring And Outsourcing; Macroeconomics; Developing Countries and Economies; Wages; Trade; Globalization; Marketplace Matching; Currency Exchange Rate; Service Industry; Web Services Industry; Technology Industry
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      Cavallo, Alberto, Javier Cravino, Andres Drenik, and Agostina Brinatti. "The International Price of Remote Work." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29437, October 2021.
      • 2021
      • Chapter

      Building Small Business Utopia: How Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Can Increase Small Business Success

      By: Karen G. Mills and Annie Dang
      Small business lending has remained unchanged for decades, laden with frictions and barriers that prevent many small businesses from accessing the capital they need to succeed. Financial technology, or “fintech,” promises to change this trajectory. In 2010, new fintech...  View Details
      Keywords: Big Data; Fintech; Artificial Intelligence; Small Business; Financing and Loans; Capital; Success; AI and Machine Learning
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      Mills, Karen G., and Annie Dang. "Building Small Business Utopia: How Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Can Increase Small Business Success." In Big Data in Small Business, edited by Carsten Lund Pedersen, Adam Lindgreen, Thomas Ritter, and Torsten Ringberg. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021.
      • September 2021
      • Case

      Worldreader: Helping Readers Build a Better World

      By: Marco Bertini, Elie Ofek and Julia Kelley
      Founded in 2010, Worldreader was an international nonprofit organization that promoted reading to children around the world. For many years, Worldreader distributed e-readers to under-resourced communities and funded its operations primarily through philanthropic...  View Details
      Keywords: Subscription Model; Price; Financial Strategy; Education; Early Childhood Education; Learning; Geography; Geographic Scope; Global Range; Goals and Objectives; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Markets; Organizations; Mission and Purpose; Social Enterprise; Non-Governmental Organizations; Nonprofit Organizations; Society; Social Issues; Strategy; Commercialization; Expansion; Segmentation; Education Industry; Africa; Asia; Latin America; Europe; North and Central America; South America
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      Bertini, Marco, Elie Ofek, and Julia Kelley. "Worldreader: Helping Readers Build a Better World." Harvard Business School Case 522-003, September 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Channeled Attention and Stable Errors

      By: Tristan Gagnon-Bartsch, Matthew Rabin and Joshua Schwartzstein
      We develop a framework for assessing when a person will notice that a theory she has about the world is wrong, premised on the idea that people neglect information that they view (through the lens of their misconceptions) to be irrelevant. Focusing on the question of...  View Details
      Keywords: Attentional Stability; Cognition and Thinking; Attitudes; Information; Theory
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      Gagnon-Bartsch, Tristan, Matthew Rabin, and Joshua Schwartzstein. "Channeled Attention and Stable Errors." Working Paper, September 2021.
      • 2021
      • Book

      Lead and Disrupt: How to Solve the Innovator's Dilemma

      By: Charles A. O'Reilly III and Michael Tushman
      Why do successful firms find it so difficult to adapt in the face of change—to innovate? In the past ten years, the importance of this question has increased as more industries and firms confront disruptive change. The pandemic has accelerated this crisis, collapsing...  View Details
      Keywords: Organization Change And Adaptation; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation and Management; Leading Change
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      O'Reilly, Charles A., III, and Michael Tushman. Lead and Disrupt: How to Solve the Innovator's Dilemma. Second ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books, 2021.
      • Summer 2021
      • Article

      The Origin and Development of Firm Management

      By: Michela Giorcelli
      This paper examines the historical origin and diffusion of management practices. Despite their centrality in the modern world, the concepts of ‘management’ developed fairly recently. Only with the Industrial Revolution, due to the increased firm size, owners needed a...  View Details
      Keywords: Productivity; Kaizen; Management; Management Practices and Processes; History; Performance Productivity; Technology
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      Giorcelli, Michela. "The Origin and Development of Firm Management." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 37, no. 2 (Summer 2021): 259–275.
      • Article

      Towards the Unification and Robustness of Perturbation and Gradient Based Explanations

      By: Sushant Agarwal, Shahin Jabbari, Chirag Agarwal, Sohini Upadhyay, Steven Wu and Himabindu Lakkaraju
      As machine learning black boxes are increasingly being deployed in critical domains such as healthcare and criminal justice, there has been a growing emphasis on developing techniques for explaining these black boxes in a post hoc manner. In this work, we analyze two...  View Details
      Keywords: Machine Learning; Black Box Explanations; Decision Making; Forecasting and Prediction; Information Technology
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      Agarwal, Sushant, Shahin Jabbari, Chirag Agarwal, Sohini Upadhyay, Steven Wu, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "Towards the Unification and Robustness of Perturbation and Gradient Based Explanations." Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) 38th (2021).
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