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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (85)
      • Faculty Publications  (40)

      Duopoly and Oligopoly Remove Duopoly and Oligopoly →

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      • February 2023
      • Case

      Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (A)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
      In July 2019, Graphic Packaging CEO Michael Doss was proposing a $600 million investment in a new machine to produce coated recycled board (CRB), a type of paper packaging used for consumer products (cups, cereal boxes, beverage boxes, etc.) that utilized recycled...  View Details
      Keywords: Capital Budgeting; Growth Management; Demand and Consumers; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Expansion; Value Creation; Supply and Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; United States; North America
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and E. Scott Mayfield. "Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (A)." Harvard Business School Case 223-009, February 2023.
      • February 2023
      • Supplement

      Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (A) Courseware

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Scott Mayfield
      In July 2019, Graphic Packaging CEO Michael Doss was proposing a $600 million investment in a new machine to produce coated recycled board (CRB), a type of paper packaging used for consumer products (cups, cereal boxes, beverage boxes, etc.) that utilized recycled...  View Details
      Keywords: Capital Budgeting; Growth Management; Demand and Consumers; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Expansion; Value Creation; Supply and Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; United States; North America
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Scott Mayfield. "Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (A) Courseware." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 223-709, February 2023.
      • February 2023
      • Supplement

      Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (B)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
      Analyzes the company’s decision on Project Cowboy following the events described in the A Case.  View Details
      Keywords: Capital Budgeting; Growth Management; Demand and Consumers; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Expansion; Value Creation; Supply and Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; United States; North America
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and E. Scott Mayfield. "Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 223-068, February 2023.
      • February 2023
      • Supplement

      Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (C)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
      Analyzes the company’s decision on Project Cowboy following the events described in the B Case.  View Details
      Keywords: Capital Budgeting; Growth Management; Demand and Consumers; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Expansion; Value Creation; Supply and Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; United States; North America
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and E. Scott Mayfield. "Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (C)." Harvard Business School Supplement 223-066, February 2023.
      • December 2022
      • Article

      When and How Should Firms Differentiate? Quality and Advertising Decisions in a Duopoly

      By: Dominique Olié Lauga, Elie Ofek and Zsolt Katona
      A prominent hallmark of competitive interaction is the desire to differentiate from rivals. In this article, the authors examine under what conditions firms will differentiate through product quality versus advertising intensity. Firms select quality in a first stage,...  View Details
      Keywords: Competition; Advertising; Product Positioning
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      Lauga, Dominique Olié, Elie Ofek, and Zsolt Katona. "When and How Should Firms Differentiate? Quality and Advertising Decisions in a Duopoly." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 59, no. 2 (December 2022): 1252–1265.
      • 2022
      • Article

      Dynamic Pricing Algorithms, Consumer Harm, and Regulatory Response

      By: Alexander MacKay and Samuel N. Weinstein
      Pricing algorithms are rapidly transforming markets, from ride-sharing apps, to air travel, to online retail. Regulators and scholars have watched this development with a wary eye. Their focus so far has been on the potential for pricing algorithms to facilitate...  View Details
      Keywords: Competition Policy; Regulation; Algorithmic Pricing; Dynamic Pricing; Economics; Law And Economics; Law And Regulation; Consumer Protection; Antitrust Law; Industrial Organization; Antitrust Issues And Policies; Technological Change: Choices And Consequences; Competition; Policy; Price; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Microeconomics; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Law
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      MacKay, Alexander, and Samuel N. Weinstein. "Dynamic Pricing Algorithms, Consumer Harm, and Regulatory Response." Washington University Law Review 100, no. 1 (2022): 111–174. (Direct download.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Information Spillovers in Experience Goods Competition

      By: Zhuoqiong Charlie Chen, Christopher Stanton and Catherine Thomas
      When experience goods compete, consuming one product can be informative about value for similar untried products. We study a two-period model of duopoly competition in markets that have this feature and where firms can price discriminate between consumers based on...  View Details
      Keywords: Experience Goods; Competition; Information; Valuation; Consumer Behavior; Demand and Consumers; Price
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      Chen, Zhuoqiong Charlie, Christopher Stanton, and Catherine Thomas. "Information Spillovers in Experience Goods Competition." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28584, March 2021. (Minor Revise and Resubmit at Management Science.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Competitive Two-Part Tariffs

      By: Jorge Tamayo and Guofu Tan
      We study competitive two-part tariffs in a model of asymmetric duopoly firms that offer (vertically and horizontally) differentiated products. We show that the sign of the markup for each product depends on the average expected demand among all customers as well as the...  View Details
      Keywords: Product Differentiation; Two-part Tariffs; Marginal-cost Pricing; Cross-subsidization; Competition; Price
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      Tamayo, Jorge, and Guofu Tan. "Competitive Two-Part Tariffs." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-089, March 2021. (R&R American Economic Journal: Microeconomics.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Consumer Inertia and Market Power

      By: Alexander MacKay and Marc Remer
      We study the pricing decision of firms in the presence of consumer inertia. Inertia, which can arise from habit formation, brand loyalty, and switching costs, generates dynamic pricing incentives. These incentives mediate the impact of competition on market power in...  View Details
      Keywords: Consumer Inertia; Market Power; Dynamic Competition; Demand Estimation; Consumer Behavior; Markets; Performance; Competition; Price
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      MacKay, Alexander, and Marc Remer. "Consumer Inertia and Market Power." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-111, April 2019. (Revised January 2022. Direct download.)
      • October 2018 (Revised August 2019)
      • Case

      Beth Israel Deaconess: Consolidating to Strengthen, or to Stave Off, Competition?

      By: Leemore Dafny
      In July 2017, CEO Kevin Tabb of Boston's Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center announced his plan to consolidate 11 Massachusetts hospitals under a common management structure. These hospitals collectively generated $5 billion in patient revenue and 25% of...  View Details
      Keywords: Beth Israel Deaconess; Lahey; Partners; Health Care; Hospitals; Payers; Providers; Anti-trust; Health Care Regulation; Mergers and Acquisitions; Health Care and Treatment; Market Design; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Negotiation; Consolidation; Competition; Health Industry; Massachusetts; Boston
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      Dafny, Leemore. "Beth Israel Deaconess: Consolidating to Strengthen, or to Stave Off, Competition?" Harvard Business School Case 319-026, October 2018. (Revised August 2019.)
      • November–December 2017
      • Article

      Match Your Own Price? Self-Matching as a Retailer's Multichannel Pricing Strategy

      By: Pavel Kireyev, Vineet Kumar and Elie Ofek
      Multichannel retailing has created several new strategic choices for retailers. With respect to pricing, an important decision is whether to offer a “self-matching policy,” which allows a multichannel retailer to offer the lowest of its online and store prices to...  View Details
      Keywords: Price Self-matching; Multichannel Retailing; Pricing Strategy; Online Shopping; Omnichannel; Price Discrimination; Price; Strategy; Competitive Strategy
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      Kireyev, Pavel, Vineet Kumar, and Elie Ofek. "Match Your Own Price? Self-Matching as a Retailer's Multichannel Pricing Strategy." Marketing Science 36, no. 6 (November–December 2017): 908–930.
      • October 2016
      • Case

      Moshe Kahlon: Telecommunications Reform and Competition in Israel's Cellular Market (A)

      By: Joshua Margolis, Amram Migdal and Kerry Herman
      The case addresses reforms to regulations in Israel’s telecommunications industry initiated and implemented under the leadership of Minister of Communications Moshe Kahlon in 2009-2010. The case highlights the challenges faced by a politician attempting to institute...  View Details
      Keywords: Market Reform; Political Leadership; Industry Regulation; Regulatory Reforms; Economic Sectors; Private Sector; Public Sector; Ethics; Values and Beliefs; Geopolitical Units; Country; Geography; Government Administration; Government Legislation; Business History; Leadership Style; Leading Change; Market Design; Market Participation; Supply and Industry; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Industry Structures; Telecommunications Industry; Communications Industry; Public Administration Industry; Israel
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      Margolis, Joshua, Amram Migdal, and Kerry Herman. "Moshe Kahlon: Telecommunications Reform and Competition in Israel's Cellular Market (A)." Harvard Business School Case 417-017, October 2016.
      • October 2016
      • Supplement

      Moshe Kahlon: Telecommunications Reform and Competition in Israel's Cellular Market (B)

      By: Joshua Margolis, Amram Migdal and Kerry Herman
      The case complements “Moshe Kahlon: Telecommunications Reform and Competition in Israel’s Cellular Market (A),” HBS case number 417-017, which addresses reforms to regulations in Israel’s telecommunications industry initiated and implemented under the leadership of...  View Details
      Keywords: Market Reform; Political Leadership; Industry Regulation; Regulatory Reforms; Economic Sectors; Private Sector; Public Sector; Values and Beliefs; Ethics; Geography; Geopolitical Units; Country; Government and Politics; Government Administration; Government Legislation; Leadership; Leadership Style; Leading Change; Market Design; Market Participation; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Supply and Industry; Industry Structures; Telecommunications Industry; Communications Industry; Public Administration Industry; Israel
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      Margolis, Joshua, Amram Migdal, and Kerry Herman. "Moshe Kahlon: Telecommunications Reform and Competition in Israel's Cellular Market (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 417-018, October 2016.
      • 2015
      • Working Paper

      Match Your Own Price? Self-Matching as a Retailer's Multichannel Pricing Strategy

      By: Pavel Kireyev, Vineet Kumar and Elie Ofek
      Multichannel retailing has created several new strategic choices for firms. With respect to pricing, an important decision is whether to offer a "self-matching policy." Self-matching allows a multichannel retailer to offer the lowest of its online and in-store prices...  View Details
      Keywords: Price Self-matching; Multichannel Retailing; Pricing Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Price; Distribution Channels; Supply and Industry; Retail Industry
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      Kireyev, Pavel, Vineet Kumar, and Elie Ofek. "Match Your Own Price? Self-Matching as a Retailer's Multichannel Pricing Strategy." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-058, January 2015.
      • April 2013
      • Article

      Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Feng Zhu
      This paper provides the first formal model of business model innovation. Our analysis focuses on sponsor-based business model innovations where a firm monetizes its product through sponsors rather than setting prices to its customer base. We analyze strategic...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Model Innovation; Imitation; Sponsor-based Business Model; Strategic Revelation; Strategic Concealment; Business Model; Innovation and Invention; Price; Competitive Strategy; Adoption; Value; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Product; Customers; Market Entry and Exit; Monopoly
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Feng Zhu. "Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models." Strategic Management Journal 34, no. 4 (April 2013): 464–482.
      • January 2013 (Revised January 2015)
      • Case

      FX Risk Hedging at EADS

      By: W. Carl Kester, Vincent Dessain and Karol Misztal
      In 2008, EADS, the European aerospace group that owns Airbus, was faced with the decision of how best to hedge a large and growing mismatch between its dollar revenues and its euro manufacturing costs. Specifically, the company needed to decide if it would continue...  View Details
      Keywords: Derivatives; Foreign Exchange; Options; Forward Contract; Aerospace; Europe; Risk Management; Futures and Commodity Futures; Aerospace Industry; Europe
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      Kester, W. Carl, Vincent Dessain, and Karol Misztal. "FX Risk Hedging at EADS." Harvard Business School Case 213-080, January 2013. (Revised January 2015.)
      • Article

      Product Positioning in a Two-Dimensional Vertical Differentiation Model: The Role of Quality Costs

      By: Dominique Lauga and Elie Ofek
      We study a duopoly model where consumers are heterogeneous with respect to their willingness to pay for two product characteristics and marginal costs are increasing with the quality level chosen on each attribute. We show that while firms seek to manage competition...  View Details
      Keywords: Duopoly and Oligopoly; Customers; Quality; Product Positioning; Competition; Management; Cost; Product
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      Lauga, Dominique, and Elie Ofek. "Product Positioning in a Two-Dimensional Vertical Differentiation Model: The Role of Quality Costs." Marketing Science 30, no. 5 (September–October 2011).
      • 2010
      • Working Paper

      Mixed Source

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Gaston Llanes
      We study competitive interaction between a profit-maximizing firm that sells software and complementary services and a free open source competitor. We examine the firm's choice of business model between the proprietary model (where all software modules are...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Monopoly; Open Source Distribution; Quality; Competition; Information Technology Industry
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Gaston Llanes. "Mixed Source." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-022, September 2009. (Revised October 2010.)
      • 2011
      • Working Paper

      Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Feng Zhu
      We study sponsor-based business model innovations where a firm monetizes its product through sponsors rather than setting prices to its customer base. We analyze strategic interactions between an innovative entrant and an incumbent where the incumbent may imitate the...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Innovation and Invention; Market Entry and Exit; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Value
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Feng Zhu. "Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-003, July 2010. (Revised September 2011.)
      • 2009
      • Working Paper

      Input Constraints and the Efficiency of Entry: Lessons from Cardiac Surgery

      By: David M. Cutler, Robert S. Huckman and Jonathan T. Kolstad
      Prior studies suggest that, with elastically supplied inputs, free entry may lead to an inefficiently high number of firms in equilibrium. Under input scarcity, however, the welfare loss from free entry is reduced. Further, free entry may increase use of high-quality...  View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Market Entry and Exit; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Government Legislation; Mathematical Methods; Health Industry; Pennsylvania
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      Cutler, David M., Robert S. Huckman, and Jonathan T. Kolstad. "Input Constraints and the Efficiency of Entry: Lessons from Cardiac Surgery." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 15214, August 2009.
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