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    • All HBS Web  (1,126)
      • Faculty Publications  (206)

      Dynamic Causal Effects Remove Dynamic Causal Effects →

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      • June 27, 2022
      • Article

      Amplification in the Evaluation of Multiple Emotional Expressions over Time

      By: Amit Goldenberg, Jonas Schöne, Zi Huang, Timothy D. Sweeny, Desmond C. Ong, Timothy Brady, Maria M. Robinson, David Levari and Jamil Zaki
      Social interactions are dynamic and unfold over time. To make sense of social interactions, people must aggregate sequential information into summary, global evaluations. But how do people do this? Here, to address this question, we conducted nine studies (N = 1,583)...  View Details
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      Goldenberg, Amit, Jonas Schöne, Zi Huang, Timothy D. Sweeny, Desmond C. Ong, Timothy Brady, Maria M. Robinson, David Levari, and Jamil Zaki. "Amplification in the Evaluation of Multiple Emotional Expressions over Time." Nature Human Behaviour (June 27, 2022).
      • June 2022
      • Module Note

      Causal Inference

      By: Iavor Bojinov, Michael Parzen and Paul J. Hamilton
      This note provides an overview of causal inference for an introductory data science course. First, the note discusses observational studies and confounding variables. Next the note describes how randomized experiments can be used to account for the effect of...  View Details
      Keywords: Causal Inference; Causality; Experiment; Experimental Design
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      Bojinov, Iavor, Michael Parzen, and Paul J. Hamilton. "Causal Inference." Harvard Business School Module Note 622-111, June 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Causal Inference During A Pandemic: Evidence on the Effectiveness of Nebulized Ibuprofen as an Unproven Treatment for COVID-19 in Argentina

      By: Sebastian Calonico, Rafael Di Tella and Juan Cruz Lopez Del Valle
      Many medical decisions during the pandemic were made without the support of causal evidence obtained in clinical trials. We study the case of nebulized ibuprofen (NaIHS), a drug that was extensively used on COVID-19 patients in Argentina amidst wild claims about its...  View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19; Drug Treatment; Health Pandemics; Health Care and Treatment; Decision Making; Outcome or Result; Argentina
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      Calonico, Sebastian, Rafael Di Tella, and Juan Cruz Lopez Del Valle. "Causal Inference During A Pandemic: Evidence on the Effectiveness of Nebulized Ibuprofen as an Unproven Treatment for COVID-19 in Argentina." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30084, May 2022.
      • Article

      How Much Should We Trust Staggered Difference-In-Differences Estimates?

      By: Andrew C. Baker, David F. Larcker and Charles C.Y. Wang
      Difference-in-differences analysis with staggered treatment timing is frequently used to assess the impact of policy changes on corporate outcomes in academic research. However, recent advances in econometric theory show that such designs are likely to be biased in the...  View Details
      Keywords: Difference In Differences; Staggered Difference-in-differences Designs; Generalized Difference-in-differences; Dynamic Treatment Effects; Mathematical Methods
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      Baker, Andrew C., David F. Larcker, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "How Much Should We Trust Staggered Difference-In-Differences Estimates?" Journal of Financial Economics 144, no. 2 (May 2022): 370–395. (Editor's Choice, May 2022.)
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      An Anatomy of Performance Monitoring

      By: Achyuta Adhvaryu, Anant Nyshadham and Jorge Tamayo
      Performance monitoring is a mainstay management tool in most organizations. Yet we still know little about whether—and why—better monitoring yields better performance in practice. To shed light on these questions, we study the introduction of a performance monitoring...  View Details
      Keywords: Performance Monitoring; Worker Skills; Skill Depreciation; Managerial Inattention; On-the-job Training; Productivity; Multitasking; Quick Serve Restaurants; Performance Evaluation; Employees; Competency and Skills; Training; Performance Productivity; Management; Information Technology; Food and Beverage Industry; Puerto Rico
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      Adhvaryu, Achyuta, Anant Nyshadham, and Jorge Tamayo. "An Anatomy of Performance Monitoring." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-066, March 2022.
      • March 2022
      • Article

      Estimating the Effectiveness of Permanent Price Reductions for Competing Products Using Multivariate Bayesian Structural Time Series Models

      By: Fiammetta Menchetti and Iavor Bojinov
      Researchers regularly use synthetic control methods for estimating causal effects when a sub-set of units receive a single persistent treatment, and the rest are unaffected by the change. In many applications, however, units not assigned to treatment are nevertheless...  View Details
      Keywords: Causal Inference; Partial Interference; Synthetic Controls; Bayesian Structural Time Series; Mathematical Methods
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      Menchetti, Fiammetta, and Iavor Bojinov. "Estimating the Effectiveness of Permanent Price Reductions for Competing Products Using Multivariate Bayesian Structural Time Series Models." Annals of Applied Statistics 16, no. 1 (March 2022): 414–435.
      • March 2022
      • Article

      How Much Does Your Boss Make? The Effects of Salary Comparisons

      By: Zoë B. Cullen and Ricardo Perez-Truglia
      The vast majority of the pay inequality in an organization comes from differences in pay between employees and their bosses. But are employees aware of these pay disparities? Are employees demotivated by this inequality? To address these questions, we conducted a...  View Details
      Keywords: Salary; Inequality; Managers; Career Concerns; Pay Transparency; Wages; Equality and Inequality; Perception; Behavior
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      Cullen, Zoë B., and Ricardo Perez-Truglia. "How Much Does Your Boss Make? The Effects of Salary Comparisons." Journal of Political Economy 130, no. 3 (March 2022): 766–822.
      • March 2022
      • Article

      Loan Types and the Bank Lending Channel

      By: Victoria Ivashina, Luc Laeven and Enrique Moral-Benito
      Using credit-registry data for Spain and Peru, we document that four main types of commercial credit—asset-based loans, cash flow loans, trade finance and leasing—are easily identifiable and represent the bulk of corporate credit. We show that credit growth dynamics...  View Details
      Keywords: Bank Credit; Loan Types; Bank Lending Channel; Credit Registry; Banks and Banking; Credit; Financing and Loans
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      Ivashina, Victoria, Luc Laeven, and Enrique Moral-Benito. "Loan Types and the Bank Lending Channel." Journal of Monetary Economics 126 (March 2022): 171–187.
      • February 2022
      • Case

      Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi

      By: Linda A. Hill and Emily Tedards
      In 2006, the Cleveland Clinic and Mubadala Investment Company partnered with a bold ambition to deliver world class healthcare in the United Arab Emirates. In 2015, after nearly a decade of planning and construction, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi opened its doors. By...  View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Behavior; Culture; Alignment; Organizational Effectiveness; Purpose; Impact; Leadership Development; Diversity; Collaboration; Co-creation; Learning Organizations; Empowerment; Teams; Team Dynamics; Teamwork; Team Effectiveness; Trust; Talent; Talent Development And Retention; Psychological Safety; Organizational Evolution; Coaching; Board; Analytics; Innovation; Data; Data Visualization; Digital Technology; Digital; Customer Experience; Experimentation; Change Management; Data-driven Decision-making; Debates; Ecosystem; Partnership; Telemedicine; Sustainability; Global Organizations; Local; Hospital; Healthcare; United Arab Emirates; Health Care and Treatment; Partners and Partnerships; Globalization; Quality; Organizational Culture; Mission and Purpose; Innovation and Management; Information Technology; Joint Ventures; Leadership; Performance Effectiveness; Abu Dhabi; United Arab Emirates
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      Hill, Linda A., and Emily Tedards. "Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi." Harvard Business School Case 422-058, February 2022.
      • February 2022
      • Case

      Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (Abridged)

      By: Linda A. Hill and Emily Tedards
      In 2006, the Cleveland Clinic and Mubadala Investment Company partnered with a bold ambition to deliver world class healthcare in the United Arab Emirates. In 2015, after nearly a decade of planning and construction, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi opened its doors. By...  View Details
      Keywords: Organization Behavior; Culture; Alignment; Organizational Effectiveness; Purpose; Impact; Leadership Development; Diversity; Collaboration; Co-creation; Learning Organizations; Empowerment; Teams; Team Dynamics; Teamwork; Team Effectiveness; Trust; Talent; Talent Development And Retention; Psychological Safety; Organizational Evolution; Coaching; Board; Analytics; Innovation; Data; Data Visualization; Digital Technology; Digital; Customer Experience; Experimentation; Change Management; Data-driven Decision-making; Debates; Ecosystem; Partnership; Telemedicine; Sustainability; Global Organizations; Local; Hospital; Healthcare; United Arab Emirates; Health Care and Treatment; Partners and Partnerships; Globalization; Quality; Organizational Culture; Mission and Purpose; Innovation and Management; Information Technology; Joint Ventures; Leadership; Performance Effectiveness; Abu Dhabi; United Arab Emirates
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      Hill, Linda A., and Emily Tedards. "Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 422-056, February 2022.
      • February 2022
      • Case

      Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi: Leading Through the Fog of the COVID-19 Pandemic

      By: Linda A. Hill and Emily Tedards
      As COVID-19 began to take lives, destroy healthcare systems, and shut down economies across the globe, Dr. Rakesh Suri, Chief Executive Officer of Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, and his executive team adapted their leadership to instill the new levels of agility and...  View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Behavior; Culture; Organizational Culture; Organizational Adaptation; Organizational Effectiveness; Alignment; Leadership; Innovation; Diversity; Collaboration; Co-creation; Learning Organizations; Empowerment; Teamwork; Ecosystem; Agility; Partnerships; Data-driven Decision-making; Operating Model; Risk Management; Virtual Work; Team Dynamics; Telemedicine; Metrics; Globalization; Pandemic; COVID-19; Hospital; Healthcare; United Arab Emirates; Middle East; Health Care and Treatment; Health Pandemics; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Crisis Management; Leading Change; Leadership Style; Digital Transformation; United Arab Emirates; Middle East
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      Hill, Linda A., and Emily Tedards. "Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi: Leading Through the Fog of the COVID-19 Pandemic." Harvard Business School Case 422-057, February 2022.
      • February 2022
      • Case

      NFX Capital and Moov Technologies

      By: Scott Duke Kominers and Nicole Tempest Keller
      In July 2019, James Currier, a general partner at San Francisco-based NFX Ventures, was considering a seed stage investment of $1.5 million in Moov Technologies, a B2B marketplace for used industrial equipment. NFX was a venture capital firm focused on seed-stage...  View Details
      Keywords: Venture Capital; Network Effects; Marketplace Matching; Digital Platforms; Market Design; Applications and Software; Semiconductor Industry; Financial Services Industry; San Francisco
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      Kominers, Scott Duke, and Nicole Tempest Keller. "NFX Capital and Moov Technologies." Harvard Business School Case 822-045, February 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Consumer Reviews and Regulation: Evidence from NYC Restaurants: Evidence from NYC Restaurants

      By: Chiara Farronato and Georgios Zervas
      We investigate the informativeness of hygiene signals in online reviews, and their effect on consumer choice and restaurant hygiene. We first extract signals of hygiene from Yelp. Among all dimensions that regulators monitor through mandated restaurant inspections, we...  View Details
      Keywords: Restaurants; Reviews; Hygiene; Yelp; Regulation; Food; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Consumer Behavior
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      Farronato, Chiara, and Georgios Zervas. "Consumer Reviews and Regulation: Evidence from NYC Restaurants: Evidence from NYC Restaurants." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29715, February 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      How Do Copayment Coupons Affect Branded Drug Prices and Quantities Purchased?

      By: Leemore S. Dafny, Kate Ho and Edward Kong
      Drug copayment coupons to reduce patient cost-sharing have become nearly ubiquitous for high-priced brand-name prescription drugs. Medicare bans such coupons on the grounds that they are kickbacks that induce utilization, but they are commonly used by...  View Details
      Keywords: Prescription Drugs; Coupons; Impact; Health Care and Treatment; Markets; Price; Spending; Pharmaceutical Industry; United States
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      Dafny, Leemore S., Kate Ho, and Edward Kong. "How Do Copayment Coupons Affect Branded Drug Prices and Quantities Purchased?" NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29735, February 2022.
      • Article

      How Market Power Affects Dynamic Pricing: Evidence from Inventory Fluctuations at Car Dealerships

      By: Ayelet Israeli, Fiona Scott Morton, Jorge Silva-Risso and Florian Zettelmeyer
      This paper investigates empirically the effect of market power on dynamic pricing in the presence of inventories. Our setting is the auto retail industry; we analyze how automotive dealerships adjust prices to inventory levels under varying degrees of market power. We...  View Details
      Keywords: Dynamic Pricing; Market Power; Pricing; Price Discrimination; Inventory Production; Marketing; Price; Competitive Strategy; Auto Industry; Retail Industry
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      Israeli, Ayelet, Fiona Scott Morton, Jorge Silva-Risso, and Florian Zettelmeyer. "How Market Power Affects Dynamic Pricing: Evidence from Inventory Fluctuations at Car Dealerships." Management Science 68, no. 2 (February 2022): 895–916.
      • Article

      A Prescriptive Analytics Framework for Optimal Policy Deployment Using Heterogeneous Treatment Effects

      By: Edward McFowland III, Sandeep Gangarapu, Ravi Bapna and Tianshu Sun
      We define a prescriptive analytics framework that addresses the needs of a constrained decision-maker facing, ex ante, unknown costs and benefits of multiple policy levers. The framework is general in nature and can be deployed in any utility maximizing context, public...  View Details
      Keywords: Prescriptive Analytics; Heterogeneous Treatment Effects; Optimization; Observed Rank Utility Condition (OUR); Between-treatment Heterogeneity; Machine Learning; Decision Making; Analysis; Mathematical Methods
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      McFowland III, Edward, Sandeep Gangarapu, Ravi Bapna, and Tianshu Sun. "A Prescriptive Analytics Framework for Optimal Policy Deployment Using Heterogeneous Treatment Effects." MIS Quarterly 45, no. 4 (December 2021): 1807–1832.
      • Winter 2021
      • Article

      Can Staggered Boards Improve Value? Causal Evidence from Massachusetts

      By: Robert Daines, Shelley Xin Li and Charles C.Y. Wang
      We study the effect of staggered boards (SBs) using a quasi-experiment: a 1990 law that imposed an SB on all Massachusetts-incorporated firms. The law led to an increase in Tobin's Q, investment in CAPEX and R&D, patents, higher-quality patented innovations, and...  View Details
      Keywords: Staggered Board; Entrenchment; Life-cycle; Tobin's Q; Innovation; Profitability; Investor Composition; Governing and Advisory Boards; Investment; Innovation and Invention; Institutional Investing; Value
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      Daines, Robert, Shelley Xin Li, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Can Staggered Boards Improve Value? Causal Evidence from Massachusetts." Contemporary Accounting Research 38, no. 4 (Winter 2021): 3053–3084.
      • December 2021
      • Article

      Seeing Oneself as a Valued Contributor: Social Worth Affirmation Improves Team Information Sharing

      By: Julia Lee Cunningham, Francesca Gino, Dan Cable and Bradley Staats
      Teams often fail to reach their potential because members’ concerns about being socially accepted prevent them from offering their unique perspectives to the team. Drawing on relational self and self-affirmation theory, we argue that affirmation of team members’ social...  View Details
      Keywords: Social Worth Affirmation; Relational Identity; Self-affirmation; Information Sharing In Teams; Concerns About Social Acceptance; Groups and Teams; Identity; Relationships; Knowledge Sharing
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      Cunningham, Julia Lee, Francesca Gino, Dan Cable, and Bradley Staats. "Seeing Oneself as a Valued Contributor: Social Worth Affirmation Improves Team Information Sharing." Academy of Management Journal 64, no. 6 (December 2021): 1816–1841.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Alleviating Time Poverty among the Working Poor

      By: Ashley Whillans and Colin West
      Poverty entails more than a scarcity of material resources—it also involves a shortage of time. To examine the causal benefits of reducing time poverty, we conducted a longitudinal field experiment over six consecutive weeks in an urban slum in Kenya with a sample of...  View Details
      Keywords: Time-saving Services; Subjective Well-being; Time Use; Cash Transfers; Poverty; Time Management; Well-being
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      Whillans, Ashley, and Colin West. "Alleviating Time Poverty among the Working Poor." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-032, November 2021.
      • November 5, 2021
      • Article

      Leaders: Stop Confusing Correlation with Causation

      By: Michael Luca
      We’ve all been told that correlation does not imply causation. Yet many business leaders, elected officials, and media outlets still make causal claims based on misleading correlations. These claims are too often unscrutinized, amplified, and mistakenly used to guide...  View Details
      Keywords: Behavioral Economics; Data Analysis; Organizations; Decision Making; Analytics and Data Science; Analysis; Learning
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      Luca, Michael. "Leaders: Stop Confusing Correlation with Causation." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (November 5, 2021).
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