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- Faculty Publications (403)
- November 2022 (Revised September 2023)
- Technical Note
SAFE Notes: An Introduction
By: Álvaro Rodríguez Arregui and Jo Tango
A SAFE ("Simple Agreement for Future Equity") is a security increasingly used in seed financings. Not equity or debt, SAFEs allow founders to "get capital now and sell equity later." This Technical Note covers: 1. What is a SAFE and why use one?, 2. The key concepts...
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Rodríguez Arregui, Álvaro, and Jo Tango. "SAFE Notes: An Introduction." Harvard Business School Technical Note 823-026, November 2022. (Revised September 2023.)
- 2022
- Article
The Effects of Public and Private Equity Markets on Firm Behavior
By: Shai Bernstein
In this article, I review the theoretical and empirical literature on the effects of public and private equity markets on firm behavior, emphasizing the consequences that emerge from disclosure requirements, ownership concentration, and degree of firm standardization....
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Keywords:
Corporate Finance And Governance;
Financing Policy;
Commercialization;
Capital Markets;
Private Equity;
Public Equity;
Venture Capital;
Innovation and Invention;
Cost of Capital
Bernstein, Shai. "The Effects of Public and Private Equity Markets on Firm Behavior." Annual Review of Financial Economics 14 (2022): 295–318.
- October 2022
- Case
Colette Phillips and GetKonnected!: Creating Inclusive Ecosystems
By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Amy Chiu and Joyce Kim
Colette Phillips’ marketing firm had just won the City of Boston’s 2nd largest contract in history to a Black-owned company. During the Covid-19 pandemic, Get Konnected!, the networking organization for people of color that she founded 15 years earlier and led to...
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Keywords:
Diversity;
Ecosystem;
Inclusion;
People Of Color;
Network;
Racial Bias;
Gender Bias;
Entrepreneurial Ecosystem;
Entrepreneur;
Change;
Change Barriers;
Change Leadership;
Community;
Innovation;
Pandemic;
Impact;
Systemic Racism;
Minority-owned Businesses;
Social and Collaborative Networks;
Equity;
Race;
Small Business;
Prejudice and Bias;
Boston
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Amy Chiu, and Joyce Kim. "Colette Phillips and GetKonnected!: Creating Inclusive Ecosystems." Harvard Business School Case 323-035, October 2022.
- October 2022 (Revised August 2023)
- Case
Founders First Capital Partners: An Approach to Capital Access Equity
By: Brian Trelstad, Mel Martin and Amy Klopfenstein
In June 2021, Kim T. Folsom, the founder and CEO of revenue-based financing firm Founders First Capital Partners (FFCP), must decide whether to issue another loan to OnShore Technology Group, an up-and-coming software validation company. FFCP provided revenue-based...
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Keywords:
Finance;
Financial Instruments;
Financing and Loans;
Interest Rates;
Investment Return;
Revenue;
Capital;
Financial Services Industry;
North and Central America;
United States
Trelstad, Brian, Mel Martin, and Amy Klopfenstein. "Founders First Capital Partners: An Approach to Capital Access Equity." Harvard Business School Case 323-013, October 2022. (Revised August 2023.)
- October 2022 (Revised February 2024)
- Case
Masdar City: Aiming for Sustainable and Profitable Real Estate
By: Boris Vallee and Fares Khrais
Masdar City broke ground in 2008 and was conceived by the Abu Dhabi government to be an international beacon of innovation in sustainable energy and real estate. It was also to be a profitable investment for the government. At first glance, the two goals pulled in...
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Keywords:
Analysis;
Business Growth And Maturation;
Decisions;
Public Sector;
Financial Crisis;
Construction;
Climate Change;
Green Technology;
Borrowing And Debt;
Corporate Finance;
Capital;
Capital Budgeting;
Capital Structure;
Cost Of Capital;
Equity;
REIT;
Financial Management;
Financial Strategy;
Initial Public Offering;
Innovation;
Growth And Development Strategy;
Emerging Markets;
Urban Development;
Middle East;
United Arab Emirates;
Sustainable Cities;
Green Building;
Business and Government Relations;
Decision Choices and Conditions;
Financing and Loans;
Real Estate Industry;
Construction Industry;
Energy Industry;
Green Technology Industry;
Abu Dhabi
Vallee, Boris, and Fares Khrais. "Masdar City: Aiming for Sustainable and Profitable Real Estate." Harvard Business School Case 223-036, October 2022. (Revised February 2024.)
- September 2022 (Revised January 2023)
- Case
York Capital CLOs and WorldStrides International
By: Victoria Ivashina and William Vrattos
The case follows the debt restructuring of WorldStrides International, a travel program provider in the education market, after the onset of COVID-19. The pandemic severely impacted the travel industry, creating challenges for many companies like WorldStrides, which...
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Keywords:
COVID-19 Pandemic;
Debt Restructuring;
CLO;
Compliance;
Debt Securities;
Financing and Loans;
Decision Making;
Travel Industry;
Education Industry
Ivashina, Victoria, and William Vrattos. "York Capital CLOs and WorldStrides International." Harvard Business School Case 223-034, September 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
- August 2022
- Supplement
Broadway Angels (2022)
By: Jo Tango and Alys Ferragamo
In late June of 2022, Sonja Perkins, co-founder of Broadway Angels, contemplated the group’s future. She and her co-founders, Jennifer Fonstad, and Magdalena Yesil, started the group to gather together the most successful and powerful women in venture capital and...
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Keywords:
Gender Equity;
Impact;
Business Startups;
Venture Capital;
Social and Collaborative Networks;
Entrepreneurship;
Gender;
Mission and Purpose;
Groups and Teams;
Financial Services Industry
Tango, Jo, and Alys Ferragamo. "Broadway Angels (2022)." Harvard Business School Supplement 823-001, August 2022.
- July 2022 (Revised November 2023)
- Case
3G Capital
By: Jo Tango and Alys Ferragamo
In June 2022, 3G Capital Co-Managing Partners Alex Behring and Daniel Schwartz were in a partners’ meeting. On the agenda were three potential investments. Code named “Alpha,” “Bravo,” and “Charlie” (real target companies that have been disguised), they were the...
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Keywords:
Investment Decisions;
Leveraged Buyout;
Investment Funds;
Investment Portfolio;
Decision Choices and Conditions;
Private Equity
Tango, Jo, and Alys Ferragamo. "3G Capital." Harvard Business School Case 823-010, July 2022. (Revised November 2023.)
- April 2022 (Revised August 2022)
- Case
Restaurant Brands International: Version 2.0
By: Boris Groysberg and Sarah L. Abbott
In 2010, 3G Capital acquired Burger King, the second largest burger chain globally. 3G expanded Burger King’s operations via acquisitions into a multi-brand business, renamed Restaurant Brands International. The acquisition had been a financial success story for 3G....
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Keywords:
Leadership;
Growth and Development;
Performance Evaluation;
Private Equity;
Franchise Ownership;
Culture;
Change Management;
Strategy;
Human Resources;
Information Technology;
Competition;
Retail Industry;
United States
Groysberg, Boris, and Sarah L. Abbott. "Restaurant Brands International: Version 2.0." Harvard Business School Case 422-047, April 2022. (Revised August 2022.)
- March 2022 (Revised January 2023)
- Case
Clara Wu Tsai and Brooklyn Loan Innovation
Philanthropist Clara Wu Tsai is committed to racial equity and investing in Brooklyn-based minority business owners. In the wake of the George Floyd murder, she decides to create a new initiative called the Social Justice Fund and commit an initial $50 million over 10...
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- March 2022
- Case
Aldrich Capital Partners
By: Jo Tango and Alys Ferragamo
By July 2016, the Aldrich Capital Partners team had spent over two years trying to raise their inaugural growth-equity fund. They had pitched to over 140 investors, but none had committed. Managing Partners Mirza Baig and Raz Zia each had extensive experience in the...
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Keywords:
Growth Equity;
Investment Evaluation;
Entrepreneurship;
Private Equity;
Investment;
Strategy;
Decision Making;
United States
Tango, Jo, and Alys Ferragamo. "Aldrich Capital Partners." Harvard Business School Case 822-090, March 2022.
- March 2022
- Case
Metric
By: Christina Wallace, Rebecca Cink and Maria Lappas
Megan Murday, the founder of Metric, an environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) analytics startup, must decide which customer segment to target as a beachhead market. She received positive feedback from a Swiss venture capital (VC) firm, indicating their...
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- Article
Expected Stock Returns Worldwide: A Log-Linear Present-Value Approach
By: Akash Chattopadhyay, Matthew R. Lyle and Charles C.Y. Wang
This study provides the first large-scale study of the performance of expected-return proxies (ERPs) internationally. Analyst-forecast-based ICCs are sparsely populated and not robustly associated with future returns. Earnings-model-forecast-based ICCs are...
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Keywords:
Expected Returns;
Discount Rates;
Fundamental Valuation;
Implied Cost Of Capital;
International Equity Markets;
Present Value;
Investment Return;
Equity;
Markets;
Global Range
Chattopadhyay, Akash, Matthew R. Lyle, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Expected Stock Returns Worldwide: A Log-Linear Present-Value Approach." Accounting Review 97, no. 2 (March 2022): 107–133.
- February 2022 (Revised March 2022)
- Case
Hertz in Bankruptcy: A Wild Ride in Pandemic Times
Hertz filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in response to asset-backed securities (ABS) obligations and the COVID-19 pandemic. Enthusiastic Robinhood investors and shrewd negotiating tactics helped Hertz stabilize. Roughly nine months into the bankruptcy, Hertz received...
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Keywords:
Bankruptcy Reorganization;
COVID-19 Pandemic;
Insolvency and Bankruptcy;
Health Pandemics;
Valuation;
Capital Structure;
Negotiation;
Private Equity;
Travel Industry;
United States
Antill, Samuel, Stuart Gilson, and Kristin Mugford. "Hertz in Bankruptcy: A Wild Ride in Pandemic Times." Harvard Business School Case 222-064, February 2022. (Revised March 2022.)
- February 2022 (Revised April 2022)
- Case
Pushing Past the Boundaries of ESG Investing: AQR Capital Management
By: Lauren H. Cohen, Richard B. Evans, Umit G. Gurun and Quoc H. Nguyen
Cliff Asness was facing a dilemma into how he would plunge his hedge fund into the hottest investment area worldwide—ESG Investing. Founder and managing principal of AQR—one the most storied quantitative hedge funds in the world—Asness knew anything less than a big...
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Cohen, Lauren H., Richard B. Evans, Umit G. Gurun, and Quoc H. Nguyen. "Pushing Past the Boundaries of ESG Investing: AQR Capital Management." Harvard Business School Case 222-058, February 2022. (Revised April 2022.)
- February 2022 (Revised March 2022)
- Case
MicroStrategy's Investment in Bitcoin
By: C. Fritz Foley
At the end of the second quarter of 2020, MicroStrategy, a Virginia based provider of analytics software and services, announced plans to acquire and hold bitcoin as a part of the firm’s treasury reserve policy and corporate strategy. Within a year, the firm purchased...
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Foley, C. Fritz. "MicroStrategy's Investment in Bitcoin." Harvard Business School Case 222-048, February 2022. (Revised March 2022.)
- January 2022
- Background Note
Residual Income Valuation Model
By: Charles C.Y. Wang and Albert Shin
This note explains the residual income valuation model (RIM), how it relates to "traditional" valuation models, the intuition behind its use, and empirical research related to its value relevance. RIM is theoretically equivalent to the dividend discount model and the...
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Keywords:
Residual Income Valuation;
Valuation;
Research;
Theory;
Measurement and Metrics;
Performance;
Financial Management;
Business Strategy
Wang, Charles C.Y., and Albert Shin. "Residual Income Valuation Model." Harvard Business School Background Note 122-070, January 2022.
- January 2022
- Article
Investing Outside the Box: Evidence from Alternative Vehicles in Private Equity
By: Josh Lerner, Jason Mao, Antoinette Schoar and Nan R. Zhang
This paper uses previously unexplored custodial data to examine the use of alternative investment vehicles in private equity (PE) over four decades. We document a steep increase in the capital directed to alternative vehicles, with these vehicles approaching a 40%...
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Keywords:
Alternative Investment Vehicles;
Investment Funds;
Private Equity;
Venture Capital;
Performance
Lerner, Josh, Jason Mao, Antoinette Schoar, and Nan R. Zhang. "Investing Outside the Box: Evidence from Alternative Vehicles in Private Equity." Journal of Financial Economics 143, no. 1 (January 2022): 359–380. (Won the 2022 Doriot Award for the Best Private Equity Research Paper.)
- 2021
- Working Paper
Stock Investors' Returns Are Exaggerated
By: Jesse M. Fried, Paul Ma and Charles C.Y. Wang
The stock market generates less wealth than it appears. We show that total shareholder return (TSR), the standard measure of stock investor performance, substantially exaggerates returns earned by these investors in aggregate, and thus by most investors. The main...
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Keywords:
All-shareholder Returns;
Capital Flows;
Dividend Reinvestment;
Equity Premium;
Total Shareholder Returns;
Stocks;
Investment Return;
Market Timing
Fried, Jesse M., Paul Ma, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Stock Investors' Returns Are Exaggerated." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-036, November 2021.
- December 2021
- Case
Grace Capital
By: Sara Fleiss, Robin Greenwood, Eren Kuzucu and Denise Han
In March 2020, the global pandemic was delivering a dose of volatility to the U.S. economy. Catherine Faddis, the CIO of Grace Capital, a Boston-based long-only equity manager, analyzed movements in her portfolio while eyeing previously shelved opportunities to invest...
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Keywords:
Preferred Stock;
COVID-19 Pandemic;
Economy;
Health Pandemics;
Volatility;
Entrepreneurship;
Finance;
Investment;
Strategy;
Decision Making;
Investment Portfolio;
Financial Services Industry;
United States
Fleiss, Sara, Robin Greenwood, Eren Kuzucu, and Denise Han. "Grace Capital." Harvard Business School Case 222-052, December 2021.