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All HBS Web
(358)
- News (35)
- Research (243)
- Events (4)
- Multimedia (1)
- Faculty Publications (51)
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- April 1998 (Revised February 2004)
- Background Note
Legal Forms of Organization, The
Describes the various legal forms of organization including proprietorships, partnerships, limited partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies. Explains the tax and liability attributes of each form, as well as other issues, which may influence the...
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Roberts, Michael J. "Legal Forms of Organization, The." Harvard Business School Background Note 898-245, April 1998. (Revised February 2004.)
- June 1992 (Revised August 1992)
- Case
Parker-Spencer: The Legal Form of Joint Ventures
Parker Co., a U.S. based agricultural chemical company with $4 billion in sales, has agreed to a joint venture with Spencer, Inc., a smaller U.S. based company, to develop and market a new herbicide for corn. The two companies must consider marketing, tax, and...
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Keywords:
Business Organization;
Joint Ventures;
Taxation;
Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry;
Chemical Industry;
United States
Wilson, G. Peter, and Jane Palley Katz. "Parker-Spencer: The Legal Form of Joint Ventures." Harvard Business School Case 192-155, June 1992. (Revised August 1992.)
- October 2020
- Article
Corporate Legal Structure and Bank Loan Spread
This study examines how a corporate legal structure may affect borrowing costs. Corporate legal structure refers to the legal fragmentation of a firm into multiple, separately incorporated entities. This fragmentation is bound to be a factor when lenders determine the...
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Keywords:
Corporate Legal Structure;
Subsidiaries;
Bank Loans;
Minority Interest;
Credit Risk;
Organizational Structure;
Business Subsidiaries;
Financing and Loans
Sikochi, Anywhere (Siko). "Corporate Legal Structure and Bank Loan Spread." Journal of Corporate Finance 64 (October 2020).
- June 2015
- Article
The Organization of Enterprise in Japan
By: Tom Nicholas
Recent research reveals that the joint stock corporation was not a superior form of business organization in many countries historically. In Japan, however, it played a more fundamental role. Between 1896 and 1939 joint stock enterprises accounted for 44 percent of...
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Keywords:
Japan;
Legal Form;
Enterprise;
Modernization;
Business Organization;
Entrepreneurship;
Japan
Nicholas, Tom. "The Organization of Enterprise in Japan." Journal of Economic History 75, no. 2 (June 2015): 333–363.
- November 1972 (Revised December 2000)
- Background Note
Note on Forms of Real Estate Ownership
By: Howard H. Stevenson and Thierry Liverman
Examines the legal forms of ownership of real property. Included are the corporation, partnership, limited partnership, business trust, real estate investment trust, sole proprietorship, and joint venture. Tax factors and business management considerations are...
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Stevenson, Howard H., and Thierry Liverman. "Note on Forms of Real Estate Ownership." Harvard Business School Background Note 373-148, November 1972. (Revised December 2000.)
- July 2005 (Revised August 2006)
- Background Note
Deception in Business: A Legal Perspective
By: Lynn S. Paine and Christopher Bruner
Discusses several of the most important prohibitions on deception found in U.S. law, starting with the basic elements of liability for fraud and moving to important antifraud provisions in federal statutes, restrictions on "misrepresentation" in consumer and contract...
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Paine, Lynn S., and Christopher Bruner. "Deception in Business: A Legal Perspective." Harvard Business School Background Note 306-019, July 2005. (Revised August 2006.)
- 03 Mar 2003
- Research & Ideas
Top Ten Legal Mistakes Made by Entrepreneurs
these war stories with the prospective entrepreneurs, in the form of a list of "top ten" legal mistakes often made by the unsuspecting. In addition, Bagley teaches the second year elective course,...
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Keywords:
by Staff
- July 2005 (Revised August 2006)
- Background Note
Bribery in Business: A Legal Perspective
By: Lynn S. Paine and Christopher Bruner
Provides a brief overview of the concept of bribery and the principal rationales prompting restrictions on such conduct. Also, reviews some of the most important U.S. and international laws prohibiting various forms of bribery.
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Paine, Lynn S., and Christopher Bruner. "Bribery in Business: A Legal Perspective." Harvard Business School Background Note 306-012, July 2005. (Revised August 2006.)
- 2014
- Article
The Governance of Social Enterprises: Mission Drift and Accountability Challenges in Hybrid Organizations
By: Alnoor Ebrahim, Julie Battilana and Johanna Mair
We examine the challenges of governance facing organizations that pursue a social mission through the use of market mechanisms. These hybrid organizations, often referred to as social enterprises, combine aspects of both charity and business at their core. In this...
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Keywords:
Governance;
Hybrid Organizations;
Nonprofit;
Performance Measurement;
Legal Form;
Agency Theory;
Stakeholder Management;
Mission and Purpose;
Social Enterprise;
Corporate Accountability
Ebrahim, Alnoor, Julie Battilana, and Johanna Mair. "The Governance of Social Enterprises: Mission Drift and Accountability Challenges in Hybrid Organizations." Research in Organizational Behavior 34 (2014): 81–100.
- 2015
- Comment
In the Shadow of the Crowd: A Comment on 'Valve's Way'
There are many ways to exercise authority. Perrow (1986), in his review of March and Simon's Organizations (1958), offers a threefold classification of the ways authority can be exercised in organizations: (1) direct, "fully obtrusive" controls such as giving orders...
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Keywords:
New Forms Of Organizing;
Organizational Forms;
Non-hierarchical Organizations;
Self-organizing Teams;
Boss-less Organizations;
Organizational Design;
United States
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "In the Shadow of the Crowd: A Comment on 'Valve's Way'." Journal of Organization Design 4, no. 2 (2015): 5–7.
- December 2014 (Revised March 2018)
- Case
John D. Rockefeller: The Richest Man in the World
By: Tom Nicholas and Vasiliki Fouka
By the late nineteenth century scale and managerial hierarchies had extended to several major industrial sectors of the U.S. economy. Although the precise mechanisms often varied, this process mainly involved horizontal integration, some form of legal or administrative...
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Keywords:
Horizontal Integration;
Wealth;
Business History;
Vertical Integration;
Consolidation;
Personal Development and Career;
Energy Industry;
United States
Nicholas, Tom, and Vasiliki Fouka. "John D. Rockefeller: The Richest Man in the World." Harvard Business School Case 815-088, December 2014. (Revised March 2018.)
- February 2018
- Background Note
Patent Trolling
By: Lauren H. Cohen, Umit G. Gurun, Scott Duke Kominers and George Hou
The U.S. Intellectual Property (IP) Ecosystem is one of the most robust and dynamic in the world—and has been for centuries. The bedrock of this system is the "patent," a legal document that allows its holder exclusive commercialization rights of a part of the "idea...
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Cohen, Lauren H., Umit G. Gurun, Scott Duke Kominers, and George Hou. "Patent Trolling." Harvard Business School Background Note 218-085, February 2018.
- January 2021 (Revised May 2021)
- Case
Aptiv PLC Board of Directors (A)
By: Lynn S. Paine and Will Hurwitz
Aptiv’s board must decide whether a joint venture with an auto maker is the right next step in the company’s efforts to develop and commercialize a production-ready autonomous driving system. While many commentators believed that Aptiv’s self-driving technologies had...
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Keywords:
Automotive Industry;
Bankruptcy Reorganization;
Board Of Directors;
Board Committees;
Board Decisions;
Board Dynamics;
Corporate Boards;
Innovation And Strategy;
Legal Aspects Of Business;
Spin Off;
Strategic Alliances;
Strategic Change;
Strategic Evolution;
Supplier Relationships;
Technological Change;
Corporate Governance;
Governing and Advisory Boards;
Innovation Strategy;
Going Public;
Joint Ventures;
Leadership;
Restructuring;
Technological Innovation;
Transformation;
Auto Industry;
Europe;
United States
Paine, Lynn S., and Will Hurwitz. "Aptiv PLC Board of Directors (A)." Harvard Business School Case 321-050, January 2021. (Revised May 2021.)
- 12 Dec 2005
- Research & Ideas
Using the Law to Strategic Advantage
Most managers think the legal department is that office down the hall where they go to keep out of trouble or write a binding patent agreement. And that's shortsighted, says Harvard Business School professor Constance Bagley. A company...
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- March 2024
- Case
Governing OpenAI
By: Lynn S. Paine, Suraj Srinivasan and Will Hurwitz
In late November 2023, OpenAI’s new board of directors took stock of the situation. The company, which sought to develop artificial general intelligence (AGI)—computer systems with capabilities exceeding human abilities—was looking to regain its footing after a chaotic...
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Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence;
Board Of Directors;
Board Decisions;
Board Dynamics;
Business Ethics;
Corporate Boards;
Governance Changes;
Governance Structure;
Leadership Change;
Legal Aspects Of Business;
Nonprofit;
Nonprofit Governance;
Open Source;
Partnerships;
Regulation;
Strategy And Execution;
Technological Change;
AI and Machine Learning;
Corporate Governance;
Leadership;
Management;
Mission and Purpose;
Technological Innovation;
Technology Industry;
San Francisco;
United States
- May 1992 (Revised January 2000)
- Case
Asea Brown Boveri
In 1987, two European rivals--Asea AB of Sweden and BBC Brown Boveri Ltd. of Switzerland--merged to form Asea Brown Boveri. The new company employed 150,000 employees in 850 legal entities operating in 140 countries. The case describes the challenges facing Percy...
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Keywords:
Mergers and Acquisitions;
Globalization;
Problems and Challenges;
Leadership Style;
Selection and Staffing;
Organizational Structure;
Reports
Simons, Robert L., and Christopher A. Bartlett. "Asea Brown Boveri." Harvard Business School Case 192-139, May 1992. (Revised January 2000.)
- Article
Trust and Incentives in Agency
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Daniel F Spulber
Contracts between a principal and an agent are not formed in a vacuum. Although formal contracts between a principal and an agent contain explicit incentives for performance, the relationship between a principal and an agent also involves implicit incentives. Three...
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Keywords:
Trust;
Motivation and Incentives;
Agency Theory;
Contracts;
Market Transactions;
Performance;
Relationships;
Societal Protocols;
Legal Liability;
Cost
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Daniel F Spulber. "Trust and Incentives in Agency." Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 15, no. 1 (Fall 2005): 45–104.
- June 2009 (Revised August 2010)
- Background Note
How Institutional Investors Think About Real Estate
By: Arthur I Segel
Real estate is an increasingly important component in the portfolios of institutional investors. This note discusses the issues these investors must consider when investing in real estate from the legal forms of ownership, to separate or commingled funds, to property...
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Segel, Arthur I. "How Institutional Investors Think About Real Estate." Harvard Business School Background Note 209-152, June 2009. (Revised August 2010.)
- 2011
- Article
Bias in Search Results?: Diagnosis and Response
By: Benjamin Edelman
I explore allegations of search engine bias, including understanding a search engine's incentives to bias results, identifying possible forms of bias, and evaluating methods of verifying whether bias in fact occurs. I then consider possible legal and policy responses,...
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Keywords:
Prejudice and Bias;
Motivation and Incentives;
Outcome or Result;
Markets;
Legal Liability;
Policy;
Search Technology;
Performance Evaluation;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
Edelman, Benjamin. "Bias in Search Results?: Diagnosis and Response." Indian Journal of Law and Technology 7 (2011): 16–32.