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- 2022
- Working Paper
Calling All Issuers: The Market for Debt Monitoring
By: Huaizhi Chen, Lauren Cohen and Weiling Liu
A substantial fraction of local governments refinance their long-term debt with significant delays—resulting in sizable losses. Using data from 2001 to 2018, we estimate that U.S. municipals lost over $31 billion from this delayed refinancing, whereas the entire U.S....
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Keywords:
Debt Monitoring;
Financial Institutions;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Government Administration;
Financing and Loans
Chen, Huaizhi, Lauren Cohen, and Weiling Liu. "Calling All Issuers: The Market for Debt Monitoring." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29790, February 2022.
- 2022
- Working Paper
Consumer Reviews and Regulation: Evidence from NYC Restaurants
By: Chiara Farronato and Georgios Zervas
We investigate the informativeness of hygiene signals in online reviews, and their effect on consumer choice and restaurant hygiene. We first extract signals of hygiene from Yelp. Among all dimensions that regulators monitor through mandated restaurant inspections, we...
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Keywords:
Restaurants;
Reviews;
Hygiene;
Yelp;
Regulation;
Food;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Consumer Behavior
Farronato, Chiara, and Georgios Zervas. "Consumer Reviews and Regulation: Evidence from NYC Restaurants." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29715, February 2022.
- January 2022
- Background Note
Common Prosperity? China Shifts Left
By: William C. Kirby and Noah B. Truwit
Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has been mistrustful of entrepreneurs and the private sector that operates outside the government’s authority. In its first decades under Mao Zedong, the CCP...
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Keywords:
Market Reform;
Gdp;
Government Administration;
Government and Politics;
Private Sector;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Economy;
Globalized Economies and Regions;
Entrepreneurship;
Business and Government Relations;
Globalized Markets and Industries;
Social Issues;
Society;
Economic Growth;
China
- January 2022
- Case
FIFA and The World Cup: The Future of Football
By: Anita Elberse, Oliver Band and Howard Johnson
Should FIFA host its biggest event—the FIFA World Cup—every two years instead of every four, as it has been doing since the event’s inception in the 1930s? In September 2021, Gianni Infantino, the president of the International Federation of Association Football...
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Keywords:
Sports;
Soccer;
Football;
Entertainment;
Media;
Talent Development;
Globalization;
Marketing;
Strategy;
General Management;
Governance;
Decision Making;
Governing and Advisory Boards;
Problems and Challenges;
Brands and Branding;
Sports Industry;
Entertainment and Recreation Industry
Elberse, Anita, Oliver Band, and Howard Johnson. "FIFA and The World Cup: The Future of Football." Harvard Business School Case 522-076, January 2022.
- 2021
- Working Paper
Dynamic Pricing Algorithms, Consumer Harm, and Regulatory Response
By: Alexander J. MacKay and Samuel Weinstein
Pricing algorithms are rapidly transforming markets, from ride-sharing apps, to air travel, to online retail. Regulators and scholars have watched this development with a wary eye. Their focus so far has been on the potential for pricing algorithms to facilitate...
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Keywords:
Competition Policy;
Regulation;
Algorithmic Pricing;
Dynamic Pricing;
Law And Economics;
Law And Regulation;
Consumer Protection;
Competition;
Policy;
Price;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Economics
MacKay, Alexander J., and Samuel Weinstein. "Dynamic Pricing Algorithms, Consumer Harm, and Regulatory Response." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-050, January 2022. (Direct download.)
- 2021
- Working Paper
Who Benefits from Online Gig Economy Platforms?
By: Christopher Stanton and Catherine Thomas
This paper estimates the magnitude and distribution of surplus from the knowledge worker gig economy using data from an online labor market. Labor demand elasticities determine workers’ wages, and buyers’ past market experience shapes both their job posting frequency...
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Keywords:
Gig Economy;
Knowledge Workers;
Online Platforms;
Employment;
Internet and the Web;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Wages
Stanton, Christopher, and Catherine Thomas. "Who Benefits from Online Gig Economy Platforms?" NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29477, November 2021.
- October 2021
- Case
The 2012 Spanish Labor Reform: Lifting All Boats or Levelling Down?
By: Vincent Pons, Rafael Di Tella, Santiago Botella and Elena Corsi
Since 1978, Spain had struggled to control unemployment. The country’s labor law was protective of employees hired long-term and companies used temporary contracts as buffers. In 2012, amid economic recession and a 23.6% unemployment rate, a center-right government of...
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- 2021
- Working Paper
The Business of K-12 Education in China
By: Geoffrey Jones and Yuhai Wu
This working paper examines the evolution of K-12 education in China, especially between 1985 and the present day, drawing extensive interviews with participants in the educational sector. China has been hugely successful in reaching almost 100 percent literacy,...
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Keywords:
K-12 Education;
China;
Real Estate;
Early Childhood Education;
Performance Evaluation;
Teaching;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Personal Development and Career;
Social Issues;
Nonprofit Organizations;
Private Sector;
Education Industry;
Real Estate Industry;
China
Jones, Geoffrey, and Yuhai Wu. "The Business of K-12 Education in China." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-022, October 2021.
- October 2021
- Article
Can Self-Regulation Save Digital Platforms?
By: Michael A. Cusumano, Annabelle Gawer and David B. Yoffie
This article explores some of the critical challenges facing self-regulation and the regulatory environment for digital platforms. We examine several historical examples of firms and industries that attempted self-regulation before the Internet. All dealt with similar...
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Keywords:
Self-regulation;
Government Regulation;
Digital Platforms;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
Cusumano, Michael A., Annabelle Gawer, and David B. Yoffie. "Can Self-Regulation Save Digital Platforms?" Industrial and Corporate Change 30, no. 5 (October 2021): 1259–1285.
- September 2021
- Article
Learning from Deregulation: The Asymmetric Impact of Lockdown and Reopening on Risky Behavior During COVID-19
By: Edward L. Glaeser, Ginger Zhe Jin, Michael Luca and Benjamin T. Leyden
During the COVID-19 pandemic, states issued and then rescinded stay-at-home orders that restricted mobility. We develop a model of learning by deregulation, which predicts that lifting stay-at-home orders can signal that going out has become safer. Using restaurant...
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Keywords:
COVID-19;
Lockdown;
Reopening;
Impact;
Coronavirus;
Public Health Measures;
Mobility;
Health Pandemics;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Consumer Behavior
Glaeser, Edward L., Ginger Zhe Jin, Michael Luca, and Benjamin T. Leyden. "Learning from Deregulation: The Asymmetric Impact of Lockdown and Reopening on Risky Behavior During COVID-19." Special Issue on COVID-19 and Regional Economies. Journal of Regional Science 61, no. 4 (September 2021): 696–709.
- Article
Regulating Hospital Prices Based on Market Concentration Is Likely to Leave High-Price Hospitals Unaffected
By: Maximilian J. Pany, Michael E. Chernew and Leemore S. Dafny
Concern about high hospital prices for commercially insured patients has motivated several proposals to regulate these prices. Such proposals often limit regulations to highly concentrated hospital markets. Using a large sample of 2017 US commercial insurance claims,...
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Keywords:
Health Care Providers;
Hospitals;
Insurance Market Regulation;
Price Regulation;
Markets;
Health Care and Treatment;
Cost;
Quality;
Insurance;
Price;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
Pany, Maximilian J., Michael E. Chernew, and Leemore S. Dafny. "Regulating Hospital Prices Based on Market Concentration Is Likely to Leave High-Price Hospitals Unaffected." Health Affairs 40, no. 9 (September 2021): 1386–1394.
- Article
Regulatory, Legal, and Market Aspects of Smart Wearables for Cardiac Monitoring
By: Jan Benedikt Brönneke, Jennifer Müller, Konstantinos Mouratis, Julia Hagen and Ariel Dora Stern
In the area of cardiac monitoring, the use of digitally driven technologies is on the rise. While the development of medical products is advancing rapidly, allowing for new use-cases in cardiac monitoring and other areas, regulatory and legal requirements that govern...
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Keywords:
Wearables;
Regulatory Changes;
Medical Technology;
Medical Devices;
Market Access;
Market Entry and Exit;
Information Technology;
Health Care and Treatment;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
United States;
Germany;
Belgium
Brönneke, Jan Benedikt, Jennifer Müller, Konstantinos Mouratis, Julia Hagen, and Ariel Dora Stern. "Regulatory, Legal, and Market Aspects of Smart Wearables for Cardiac Monitoring." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 2021).
- Article
The Covid-19 Pandemic Should Not Delay Actions to Prevent Anticompetitive Consolidation in U.S. Health Care Markets
By: Leemore S. Dafny
This article describes potential regulatory and legislative reforms to assist antitrust enforcement agencies in halting anticompetitive acquisitions and practices, and preserving and promoting competition in health care markets.
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Keywords:
Health Care and Treatment;
Markets;
Competition;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
Dafny, Leemore S. "The Covid-19 Pandemic Should Not Delay Actions to Prevent Anticompetitive Consolidation in U.S. Health Care Markets." Promarket (June 10, 2021).
- Article
Biosimilars and Follow-On Products in the United States: Adoption, Prices, and Users
By: Ariel Dora Stern, Jacqueline L. Chen, Melissa Ouellet, Mark R. Trusheim, Zeid El-Kilani, Amber Jessup and Ernst R. Berndt
Biologic drugs account for a disproportionate share of the increase in pharmaceutical spending in the U.S. and worldwide. Against this backdrop, many look to the expanding market for biosimilars—follow-on products to biologic drugs—as a vehicle for controlling...
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Keywords:
Pharmaceuticals;
Drug Spending;
Drug Pricing;
Health Care and Treatment;
Spending;
Price;
Markets;
Cost Management;
United States
Stern, Ariel Dora, Jacqueline L. Chen, Melissa Ouellet, Mark R. Trusheim, Zeid El-Kilani, Amber Jessup, and Ernst R. Berndt. "Biosimilars and Follow-On Products in the United States: Adoption, Prices, and Users." Health Affairs 40, no. 6 (June 2021).
- 2021
- Working Paper
Regulatory Approval and Expanded Market Size
By: Benjamin Berger, Amitabh Chandra and Craig Garthwaite
Regulatory review of new medicines is often viewed as a hindrance to innovation by increasing the hurdle to bring products to market. However, a more complete accounting of regulation must also account for its potential market expanding effects through quality...
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Keywords:
New Medicines;
Regulatory Approval;
Health Care and Treatment;
Research and Development;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Markets;
Expansion;
Pharmaceutical Industry
Berger, Benjamin, Amitabh Chandra, and Craig Garthwaite. "Regulatory Approval and Expanded Market Size." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28889, June 2021.
- 2021
- Government Testimony
How Health Care Consolidation Is Contributing to Higher Prices and Spending, and Reforms That Could Bolster Antitrust Enforcement and Preserve and Promote Competition in Health Care Markets
By: Leemore S. Dafny
Reforms to antitrust law and enforcement can help to address rising healthcare prices and spending.
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Keywords:
Antitrust Law;
Health Care and Treatment;
Consolidation;
Price;
Spending;
Cost Management;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Competition;
United States
Dafny, Leemore S. "How Health Care Consolidation Is Contributing to Higher Prices and Spending, and Reforms That Could Bolster Antitrust Enforcement and Preserve and Promote Competition in Health Care Markets." Government Testimony, Washington, DC, United States, April 2021.
- 2021
- Working Paper
Deregulation, Market Power, and Prices: Evidence from the Electricity Sector
By: Alexander MacKay and Ignacia Mercadal
When deciding whether to introduce market competition in a regulated industry, a regulator faces an important tradeoff. Market-based prices can provide incentives to allocate resources more efficiently and reduce costs, but the presence of market power may lead to...
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Keywords:
Deregulation;
Market Power;
Markups;
Prices;
Electricity;
Energy;
Markets;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Price
MacKay, Alexander, and Ignacia Mercadal. "Deregulation, Market Power, and Prices: Evidence from the Electricity Sector." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-095, February 2021. (Revised January 2022. Direct download.)
- 2020
- Working Paper
Currency Hedging in Emerging Markets: Managing Cash Flow Exposure
By: Laura Alfaro, Mauricio Calani and Liliana Varela
Foreign currency derivative markets are among the largest in the world, yet their role in emerging markets in particular, is relatively understudied. We study firms' currency risk exposure and their hedging choices by employing a unique dataset covering the universe of...
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Keywords:
Foreign Currency Hedging;
FX Derivatives;
Foreign Currency Debt;
Currency Mismatch;
Trade Credit;
Currency;
Cash Flow;
Emerging Markets
Alfaro, Laura, Mauricio Calani, and Liliana Varela. "Currency Hedging in Emerging Markets: Managing Cash Flow Exposure." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-096, March 2021.
- January 2021 (Revised August 2021)
- Case
ByteDance: TikTok and the Trials of Going Viral
By: William C. Kirby and John P. McHugh
In 2020, TikTok became the most valuable start-up ever. The short-form, video-sharing social media platform emerged as the crown jewel of the Chinese technology firm ByteDance, realizing 850 million monthly users and an estimated worth of $180 billion. However, a...
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Keywords:
China;
Technology;
Startup;
Start-up;
International Strategy;
Global Strategy And Leadership;
Innovation;
Political Risk;
Regulations;
Trump;
Foreign Policy;
Foreign Investment;
Chinese Internet Market;
Global Strategy;
Crisis Management;
Risk and Uncertainty;
Entrepreneurship;
Globalized Economies and Regions;
Government Legislation;
Innovation and Management;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Internet and the Web;
Social Media;
Technology Industry;
China;
United States
Kirby, William C., and John P. McHugh. "ByteDance: TikTok and the Trials of Going Viral." Harvard Business School Case 321-110, January 2021. (Revised August 2021.)
- November 2020
- Article
Taxation in Matching Markets
By: Arnaud Dupuy, Alfred Galichon, Sonia Jaffe and Scott Duke Kominers
We analyze the effects of taxation in two-sided matching markets, i.e., markets in which all agents have heterogeneous preferences over potential partners. In matching markets, taxes can generate inefficiency on the allocative margin by changing who is matched to whom,...
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Dupuy, Arnaud, Alfred Galichon, Sonia Jaffe, and Scott Duke Kominers. "Taxation in Matching Markets." International Economic Review 61, no. 4 (November 2020): 1591–1634.