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- All HBS Web (364)
- Faculty Publications (188)
- October 2011 (Revised December 2022)
- Background Note
Ethical Analysis: Moral Disengagement
By: Sandra J. Sucher and Celia Moore
Moral disengagement is a process that enables people to engage in negative behaviors, from small misdeeds to great atrocities, without believing that they are causing harm or doing wrong. When Conrad Black, the fallen Canadian mogul convicted of multiple counts of...
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Sucher, Sandra J., and Celia Moore. "Ethical Analysis: Moral Disengagement." Harvard Business School Background Note 612-043, October 2011. (Revised December 2022.)
- April 2010 (Revised November 2010)
- Background Note
Moral Decision-Making: Reason, Emotion & Luck
By: Michael A. Wheeler and Julianna Pillemer
This extensive note synthesizes current psychological and neuroscientific research on how people make decisions with moral implications. Research summaries and scenarios illustrate critical issues.
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Wheeler, Michael A., and Julianna Pillemer. "Moral Decision-Making: Reason, Emotion & Luck." Harvard Business School Background Note 910-029, April 2010. (Revised November 2010.)
- July 2022
- Article
When Alterations Are Violations: Moral Outrage and Punishment in Response to (Even Minor) Alterations to Rituals
By: Daniel H. Stein, Juliana Schroeder, Nicholas M. Hobson, Francesca Gino and Michael I. Norton
From Catholics performing the sign of the cross since the 4th century to Americans reciting the Pledge of Allegiance since the 1890s, group rituals (i.e., predefined sequences of symbolic actions) have strikingly consistent features over time. Seven studies (N = 4,213)...
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Keywords:
Ritual;
Morality;
Groups;
Norms;
Commitment;
Groups and Teams;
Values and Beliefs;
Change;
Moral Sensibility;
Behavior
Stein, Daniel H., Juliana Schroeder, Nicholas M. Hobson, Francesca Gino, and Michael I. Norton. "When Alterations Are Violations: Moral Outrage and Punishment in Response to (Even Minor) Alterations to Rituals." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 123, no. 1 (July 2022): 123–153.
- April 2015
- Article
Self-serving Justifications: Doing Wrong and Feeling Moral
By: Shaul Shalvi, F. Gino, Rachel Barkan and Shahar Ayal
Unethical behavior by "ordinary" people poses significant societal and personal challenges. We present a novel framework centered on the role of self-serving justification to build upon and advance the rapidly expanding research on intentional unethical behavior of...
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Shalvi, Shaul, F. Gino, Rachel Barkan, and Shahar Ayal. "Self-serving Justifications: Doing Wrong and Feeling Moral." Current Directions in Psychological Science 24, no. 2 (April 2015): 125–130.
- December 2004 (Revised December 2009)
- Module Note
Module III: Moral Leadership Class Summaries
By: Sandra J. Sucher
Presents summaries for the The Moral Leader course.
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Sucher, Sandra J. "Module III: Moral Leadership Class Summaries." Harvard Business School Module Note 605-052, December 2004. (Revised December 2009.)
- September 2004 (Revised November 2012)
- Module Note
Module I: Moral Challenge Class Summaries
By: Sandra J. Sucher
What is a moral challenge? Explores four main types of moral challenge: the challenge of survival, the conflict between "two rights," a moral dilemma—or situation in which it is impossible to satisfy conflicting moral obligations and commitments—and the challenge of...
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Keywords:
Decision Choices and Conditions;
Moral Sensibility;
Values and Beliefs;
Leadership;
Problems and Challenges;
Conflict of Interests
Sucher, Sandra J. "Module I: Moral Challenge Class Summaries." Harvard Business School Module Note 605-036, September 2004. (Revised November 2012.)
- 2012
- Case
Advanced Leadership Pathways: Shelly London and Ethics Education—'Strengthening Our Moral Compass'
By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Anne Arlinghaus
Shelly London and Ethics Education — 'Strengthening Our Moral Compass'
2009 AL Fellow
Following a successful career as a Senior Vice President, Vice President, and Chief Communications Officer at two large corporate companies, Shelly London set out to promote... View Details
Following a successful career as a Senior Vice President, Vice President, and Chief Communications Officer at two large corporate companies, Shelly London set out to promote... View Details
Keywords:
Leadership Skills;
Ethics Education;
Initiatives;
Morality;
Moral Compass;
Prima Facie;
Grassroots Movement;
Ethical Reasoning;
Decision-making;
Social Media;
Media Relations;
Family Dinner Project;
Public Conversations Project;
Laura Chasin;
Computer Games;
Video Games;
Quandary;
Organizational Structure;
Infrastructure;
Ethics;
Education;
Moral Sensibility;
Behavior;
Decision Making;
Leadership;
Innovation and Management;
Education Industry;
Service Industry;
North and Central America
- November 2004 (Revised April 2010)
- Module Note
Module II: Moral Reasoning Class Summaries
By: Sandra J. Sucher
Presents class summaries for the The Moral Leader course.
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Sucher, Sandra J. "Module II: Moral Reasoning Class Summaries." Harvard Business School Module Note 605-046, November 2004. (Revised April 2010.)
- 2014
- Article
Morality Rebooted: Exploring Simple Fixes to Our Moral Bugs
Ethics research developed partly in response to calls from organizations to understand and solve unethical behavior. Departing from prior work that focused mainly on examining the antecedents and consequences of dishonesty, we examine two approaches to mitigating...
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Keywords:
Corruption;
Dishonesty;
Unethical Behavior;
Interventions;
Structure;
Values;
Behavior;
Ethics;
Moral Sensibility
Zhang, Ting, Francesca Gino, and Max Bazerman. "Morality Rebooted: Exploring Simple Fixes to Our Moral Bugs." Research in Organizational Behavior 34 (2014): 63–79.
- June 2015
- Article
Understanding Ordinary Unethical Behavior: Why People Who Value Morality Act Immorally
By: F. Gino
Cheating, deception, organizational misconduct, and many other forms of unethical behavior are among the greatest challenges in today's society. As regularly highlighted by the media, extreme cases and costly scams are common. Yet, even more frequent and pervasive are...
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Gino, F. "Understanding Ordinary Unethical Behavior: Why People Who Value Morality Act Immorally." Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 3 (June 2015): 107–111.
- 2022
- Article
The Ordinary Concept of a Meaningful Life: The Role of Subjective and Objective Factors in Third-Person Attributions of Meaning
By: Michael Prinzing, Julian De Freitas and Barbara L. Fredrickson
The desire for a meaningful life is ubiquitous, yet the ordinary concept of a meaningful life is poorly understood. Across six experiments (total N = 2,539), we investigated whether third-person attributions of meaning depend on the psychological states an agent...
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Keywords:
Experimental Philosophy;
Folk Theories;
Meaning In Life;
Moral Psychology;
Positive Psychology;
Moral Sensibility;
Satisfaction
Prinzing, Michael, Julian De Freitas, and Barbara L. Fredrickson. "The Ordinary Concept of a Meaningful Life: The Role of Subjective and Objective Factors in Third-Person Attributions of Meaning." Journal of Positive Psychology 17, no. 5 (2022): 639–654.
- Summer 2016
- Article
Motivated Bayesians: Feeling Moral While Acting Egoistically
By: Francesca Gino, Michael I. Norton and Roberto A. Weber
A growing body of research yields ample evidence that individuals’ behavior often reflects an apparent concern for moral considerations. Using a broad definition of morality—to include varied non-egoistic motivations such as fairness, honesty, and efficiency as...
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Gino, Francesca, Michael I. Norton, and Roberto A. Weber. "Motivated Bayesians: Feeling Moral While Acting Egoistically." Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, no. 3 (Summer 2016): 189–212.
- 2016
- Chapter
Dishonesty Explained: What Leads Moral People To Act Immorally
By: F. Gino and D. Ariely
The last two decades have witnessed what seems to be an increasing number of cases of dishonesty, from corporate corruption and employee misconduct to questionable behaviors during the financial crisis and individual acts of unethical behavior in many spheres of...
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Gino, F., and D. Ariely. "Dishonesty Explained: What Leads Moral People To Act Immorally." In The Social Psychology of Good and Evil. 2nd ed. Edited by Arthur G. Miller. New York: Guilford Press, 2016.
- October 2022
- Article
When Does Moral Engagement Risk Triggering a Hypocrite Penalty?
By: Jillian J. Jordan and Roseanna Sommers
Society suffers when people stay silent on moral issues. Yet people who engage morally may appear hypocritical if they behave imperfectly themselves. Research reveals that hypocrites can—but do not always—trigger a “hypocrisy penalty,” whereby they are evaluated...
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Jordan, Jillian J., and Roseanna Sommers. "When Does Moral Engagement Risk Triggering a Hypocrite Penalty?" Art. 101404. Special Issue on Honesty and Deception edited by Maurice E. Schweitzer, Emma Levine. Current Opinion in Psychology 47 (October 2022).
- 2012
- Article
Does Power Corrupt or Enable?: When and Why Power Facilitates Self-interested Behavior
By: K. A. DeCelles, D.S. DeRue, J.D. Margolis and T.L. Ceranic
Does power corrupt a moral identity, or does it enable a moral identity to emerge? Drawing from the power literature, we propose that the psychological experience of power, although often associated with promoting self-interest, is associated with greater self-interest...
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Keywords:
Power;
Moral Identity;
Self-interested Behavior;
Moral Awareness;
Commons Dilemma;
Moral Sensibility;
Behavior;
Power and Influence
DeCelles, K. A., D.S. DeRue, J.D. Margolis, and T.L. Ceranic. "Does Power Corrupt or Enable? When and Why Power Facilitates Self-interested Behavior." Journal of Applied Psychology 97, no. 3 (May 2012): 681–689.
- November 1990 (Revised November 1991)
- Case
Apple Computer (B): Managing Morale and Corporate Culture
Explores how the human resource function at Apple Computer can best support the company's strategy. Analyzes the culture and morale at Apple. Apple has a very unique culture. Moreover, morale within the company is at a low. The culture is powerful in aiding the company...
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Keywords:
Attitudes;
Organizational Culture;
Employees;
Business Strategy;
Computer Industry;
United States
Gibbs, Michael J. "Apple Computer (B): Managing Morale and Corporate Culture." Harvard Business School Case 491-041, November 1990. (Revised November 1991.)
- August 2, 2016
- Article
Uncalculating Cooperation Is Used to Signal Trustworthiness
By: Jillian J. Jordan, Moshe Hoffman, Martin A. Nowak and David G. Rand
Humans frequently cooperate without carefully weighing the costs and benefits. As a result, people may wind up cooperating when it is not worthwhile to do so. Why risk making costly mistakes? Here, we present experimental evidence that reputation concerns provide an...
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Keywords:
Social Evaluation;
Experimental Economics;
Moral Psychology;
Cooperation;
Reputation;
Decision Making
Jordan, Jillian J., Moshe Hoffman, Martin A. Nowak, and David G. Rand. "Uncalculating Cooperation Is Used to Signal Trustworthiness." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 31 (August 2, 2016): 8658–8663.
- December 2023
- Article
Discerning Saints: Moralization of Intrinsic Motivation and Selective Prosociality at Work
By: Mijeong Kwon, Julia Lee Cunningham and Jon M. Jachimowicz
Intrinsic motivation has received widespread attention as a predictor of positive work outcomes, including employees’ prosocial behavior. In the current research, we offer a more nuanced view by proposing that intrinsic motivation does not uniformly increase prosocial...
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Kwon, Mijeong, Julia Lee Cunningham, and Jon M. Jachimowicz. "Discerning Saints: Moralization of Intrinsic Motivation and Selective Prosociality at Work." Academy of Management Journal 66, no. 6 (December 2023): 1625–1650.
- Article
If You're Going to Do Wrong, at Least Do It Right: Considering Two Moral Dilemmas at the Same Time Promotes Moral Consistency
By: Netta Barak-Corren, Chia-Jung Tsay, Fiery Cushman and Max Bazerman
We study how people reconcile conflicting moral intuitions by juxtaposing two versions of classic moral problems: the trolley problem and the footbridge problem. When viewed separately, most people favor action in the former and disapprove of action in the latter,...
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Barak-Corren, Netta, Chia-Jung Tsay, Fiery Cushman, and Max Bazerman. "If You're Going to Do Wrong, at Least Do It Right: Considering Two Moral Dilemmas at the Same Time Promotes Moral Consistency." Management Science 64, no. 4 (April 2018): 1528–1540.
- July 2015
- Article
The Moral Virtue of Authenticity: How Inauthenticity Produces Feelings of Immorality and Impurity
By: F. Gino, Maryam Kouchaki and Adam D. Galinsky
The current research demonstrates that authenticity is directly linked to morality. Across five experiments, we found that experiencing inauthenticity consistently led participants to feel more immoral and impure. This inauthenticity→feeling immoral link produced an...
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Gino, F., Maryam Kouchaki, and Adam D. Galinsky. "The Moral Virtue of Authenticity: How Inauthenticity Produces Feelings of Immorality and Impurity." Psychological Science 26, no. 7 (July 2015): 983–996.