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- 2018
- Working Paper
How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections
By: Maria Ibanez and Michael W. Toffel
Many production processes are subject to inspection to ensure they meet quality, safety, and environmental standards imposed by companies and regulators. Inspection accuracy is critical to inspections being a useful input to assessing risks, allocating quality...
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Keywords:
Assessment;
Bias;
Inspection;
Scheduling;
Econometric Analysis;
Empirical Research;
Regulation;
Health;
Food;
Safety;
Quality;
Performance Consistency;
Performance Evaluation;
Food and Beverage Industry;
Service Industry
Ibanez, Maria, and Michael W. Toffel. "How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-090, April 2017. (Revised October 2018. Formerly titled "Assessing the Quality of Quality Assessment: The Role of Scheduling". Featured in Forbes, Food Safety Magazine, and Food Safety News.)
- Fall 2016
- Article
The Integrity of Private Third-party Compliance Monitoring
By: Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
Government agencies are increasingly turning to private, third-party monitors to inspect and assess regulated entities’ compliance with law. The integrity of these regulatory regimes rests on the validity of the information third-party monitors provide to regulators....
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Keywords:
Regulation;
Compliance;
Compliance Policies;
Conflict Of Interest;
Independent Third Party;
Inspection;
Audit Quality;
Auditor;
Audit;
Environment;
Safety;
Conflict of Interests;
Working Conditions;
Labor;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Governance Compliance;
Accounting Audits
Short, Jodi L., and Michael W. Toffel. "The Integrity of Private Third-party Compliance Monitoring." Administrative & Regulatory Law News 42, no. 1 (Fall 2016): 22–25.
- 2015
- Working Paper
The Integrity of Private Third-party Compliance Monitoring
By: Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
Government agencies are increasingly turning to private, third-party monitors to inspect and assess regulated entities’ compliance with law. The integrity of these regulatory regimes rests on the validity of the information third-party monitors provide to regulators....
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Keywords:
Regulation;
Compliance;
Compliance Policies;
Conflict Of Interest;
Independent Third Party;
Inspection;
Audit Quality;
Auditor;
Audit;
Environment;
Production;
Supply Chain;
Quality;
Government Administration;
Working Conditions;
Safety;
Labor;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Governance Compliance;
Manufacturing Industry;
Public Administration Industry;
Accounting Industry;
Service Industry;
United States
Short, Jodi L., and Michael W. Toffel. "The Integrity of Private Third-party Compliance Monitoring." Harvard Kennedy School Regulatory Policy Program Working Paper, No. RPP-2015-20, November 2015. (Revised December 2015.)
- January 2015 (Revised March 2015)
- Case
Wegmans and Listeria: Developing a Proactive Food Safety System for Produce
By: Ray A. Goldberg and Christine Snively
In July 2014, supermarket chain Wegmans received notification from supplier Wawona Packing Co. that its peaches arrived in Australia with a small trace of Listeria monocytogenes. While some countries such as Australia allowed low-levels of listeria to be present in...
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Keywords:
Food Safety;
Food Safety Standards;
Grocery;
Safety;
Food;
Retail Industry;
Food and Beverage Industry;
Australia;
United States
Goldberg, Ray A., and Christine Snively. "Wegmans and Listeria: Developing a Proactive Food Safety System for Produce." Harvard Business School Case 915-412, January 2015. (Revised March 2015.)
- March 2014
- Module Note
Implementing Environmentally Sustainable Operations
Keywords:
Sustainability;
Sustainability Management;
Sustainability Reporting;
Sustainable Supply Chains;
Sustainable Operations;
Environment;
Environmental And Social Sustainability;
Environmental Management;
Environmental Operations;
Environmental Performance;
Environmental Policy;
Environmental Protection;
Environmental Strategy;
Environmental Regulation;
Operations Management;
Operations Strategy;
Supply Chain Management;
Operations;
Supply Chain;
Business Processes;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Performance Evaluation;
Performance Improvement;
Safety;
Social Enterprise;
Quality;
Production;
Working Conditions;
Animal-Based Agribusiness;
Buildings and Facilities;
Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry;
Apparel and Accessories Industry;
Biotechnology Industry;
Construction Industry;
Manufacturing Industry
Toffel, Michael W. "Implementing Environmentally Sustainable Operations." Harvard Business School Module Note 613-090, March 2014.
- November 2013 (Revised June 2014)
- Case
E-Cigarettes: Marketing Versus Public Health
By: John A. Quelch and Margaret L. Rodriguez
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were heralded by some as a healthcare game changer, enabling smokers to switch to a new product which carried lower risk of cancer. However, there were concerns about the public health risk of e-cigarettes, particularly the chance...
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Keywords:
Public Health;
Tobacco;
Smoking;
Cigarettes;
Electronic Cigarettes;
Cancer;
Lung;
Lorillard;
Philip Morris;
Safety;
Technological Innovation;
Conflict of Interests;
Market Entry and Exit;
Marketing;
Health;
Advertising;
Consumer Products Industry;
Health Industry
Quelch, John A., and Margaret L. Rodriguez. "E-Cigarettes: Marketing Versus Public Health." Harvard Business School Case 514-059, November 2013. (Revised June 2014.)
- May–June 2013
- Article
Can Global Brands Create Just Supply Chains? Response: Promoting Political Mobilization
By: Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
Codes of conduct indicate that working conditions are improving overall at the factories being monitored by multinational corporations, and that these codes of conduct also create possibilities for political mobilization that can improve labor conditions more broadly.
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Keywords:
Regulation;
Auditing;
Labor Relations;
Occupational Safety;
Environmental Operations;
Environmental Regulation;
Employees;
Labor;
Labor and Management Relations;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Manufacturing Industry;
China;
Bangladesh;
India;
Honduras;
Nicaragua;
Pakistan;
Guatemala;
Malaysia;
Viet Nam
Short, Jodi L., and Michael W. Toffel. "Can Global Brands Create Just Supply Chains? Response: Promoting Political Mobilization." Boston Review 38, no. 3 (May–June 2013).
- February 2013
- Article
An Activity-Generating Theory of Regulation
By: Joshua Schwartzstein and Andrei Shleifer
We propose an activity-generating theory of regulation. When courts make errors, tort litigation becomes unpredictable and as such imposes risk on firms, thereby discouraging entry, innovation, and other socially desirable activity. When social returns to activity are...
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Keywords:
Courts and Trials;
Lawsuits and Litigation;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Theory
Schwartzstein, Joshua, and Andrei Shleifer. "An Activity-Generating Theory of Regulation." Journal of Law & Economics 56, no. 1 (February 2013): 1–38. (Lead Article.)
- May 18, 2012
- Article
Randomized Government Safety Inspections Reduce Worker Injuries with No Detectable Job Loss
By: David I Levine, Michael W. Toffel and Matthew S. Johnson
Controversy surrounds occupational health and safety regulators, with some observers claiming that workplace regulations damage firms' competitiveness and destroy jobs and others arguing that they make workplaces safer at little cost to employers and employees. We...
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Keywords:
Regulation;
Occupational Safety;
Evaluation;
Regression;
Matching;
Difference In Differences;
Safety;
Health;
Working Conditions;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Competitive Advantage;
Performance;
Manufacturing Industry;
California
Levine, David I., Michael W. Toffel, and Matthew S. Johnson. "Randomized Government Safety Inspections Reduce Worker Injuries with No Detectable Job Loss." Science 336, no. 6083 (May 18, 2012): 907–911. (Online supplement (appendix). Featured in an article by the head of US OSHA, and in U.S. News & World Report and many other news outlets. Basis of U.S. Congressional testimony on promoting safe workplaces.)
- June 2010 (Revised February 2013)
- Background Note
The Precautionary Principle
By: Michael W. Toffel and Nazli Z. Uludere Aragon
This note describes the precautionary principle and its key tenets, highlights challenges associated with its use, and includes many examples of its application, primarily within the realm of regulating activities based on the risk of harm to human health and the...
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Keywords:
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Policy;
Health Disorders;
Business and Government Relations;
Safety;
Natural Environment;
Pollutants;
Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry;
Chemical Industry;
Pharmaceutical Industry
Toffel, Michael W., and Nazli Z. Uludere Aragon. "The Precautionary Principle." Harvard Business School Background Note 610-043, June 2010. (Revised February 2013.)
- 2009
- Working Paper
An Ounce of Prevention: The Power of Public Risk Management in Stabilizing the Financial System
By: David A. Moss
The magnitude of the current financial crisis reflects the failure of an economic and regulatory philosophy that had proved increasingly influential in policy circles over the past three decades.
This paper suggests (1) that contrary to the prevailing wisdom,... View Details
Keywords:
Financial Crisis;
Financial Institutions;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Risk Management;
Business and Government Relations;
Balance and Stability
Moss, David A. "An Ounce of Prevention: The Power of Public Risk Management in Stabilizing the Financial System." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09-087, January 2009.
- 2008
- Working Paper
Extending Producer Responsibility: An Evaluation Framework for Product Take-Back Policies
By: Michael W. Toffel, Antoinette Stein and Katharine Lee
Manufacturers are increasingly being required to adhere to product take-back regulations that require them to manage their products at the end of life. Such regulations seek to internalize products' entire life cycle costs into market prices, with the ultimate...
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Toffel, Michael W., Antoinette Stein, and Katharine Lee. "Extending Producer Responsibility: An Evaluation Framework for Product Take-Back Policies." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09-026, July 2008. (September 2008.)
- February 2006 (Revised March 2008)
- Case
ChoicePoint (A)
By: Lynn S. Paine and Zack Phillips
The CEO of ChoicePoint, a leading company in the rapidly growing U.S. personal data industry, must reexamine the company's business model after a serious breach of data security affecting some 145,000 U.S. citizens. He must decide on steps to strengthen data protection...
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Keywords:
Business Model;
Safety;
Rights;
Analytics and Data Science;
Ethics;
Information Technology;
Information Industry;
United States
Paine, Lynn S., and Zack Phillips. "ChoicePoint (A)." Harvard Business School Case 306-001, February 2006. (Revised March 2008.)
- July 2000 (Revised April 2001)
- Case
Agricultural Biotechnology and its Regulation
In the United States, genetically modified corn and soybeans are now widely grown and consumed. In Europe, however, they have been dubbed "Frankenstein foods," shunned by packaged food manufacturers, and subjected to a host of governmental restrictions. This case...
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Keywords:
Agribusiness;
Genetics;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Corporate Strategy;
Trade;
Law;
Goods and Commodities;
Safety;
Environmental Sustainability;
Government and Politics;
Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry;
Biotechnology Industry;
Europe;
United States
Reinhardt, Forest L. "Agricultural Biotechnology and its Regulation." Harvard Business School Case 701-004, July 2000. (Revised April 2001.)
- September 1991 (Revised August 1994)
- Background Note
Note on Pharmaceutical Industry Regulation
Traces the evolution of U.S. regulatory policy towards the pharmaceutical industry over the course of the twentieth century. A major theme is the steady shift away from a policy of 'let the buyer beware' to the creation of a complex and time-consuming review process,...
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Keywords:
Safety;
Industry Growth;
Marketing;
Research and Development;
Health Testing and Trials;
Economics;
Pharmaceutical Industry;
United States
Emmons, Willis M., III. "Note on Pharmaceutical Industry Regulation." Harvard Business School Background Note 792-002, September 1991. (Revised August 1994.)
- Research Summary
Overview
My research examines how companies manage environmental issues, occupational safety, and working conditions in global supply chains. More recently, I have also begun researching the drivers and implications of CEO activism, where organizational leaders speak out on...
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Keywords:
Environmental Performance;
Environmental Strategy;
Labor Management;
Transparency;
Institutional Theory;
Economic Analysis;
Quality Improvement;
Operations Management;
Supply Chain;
Regulation;
Environmental Sustainability;
Safety;
Quality;
Climate Change;
Environmental Regulation;
Pollution;
Environmental Management;
Operations;
Supply Chain Management;
Manufacturing Industry;
Construction Industry;
Asia;
Europe;
United States