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    • All HBS Web  (59)
      • Faculty Publications  (21)

      Subjective Well-being Remove Subjective Well-being →

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      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Digital Lending and Financial Well-Being: Through the Lens of Mobile Phone Data

      By: AJ Chen, Omri Even-Tov, Jung Koo Kang and Regina Wittenberg-Moerman
      By leveraging machine-learning algorithms and using nontraditional digital data derived primarily from borrowers’ mobile devices, digital lenders have vastly expanded access to credit in developing economies for millions of individuals without a prior credit history....  View Details
      Keywords: Borrowing and Debt; Credit; AI and Machine Learning; Welfare; Well-being; Developing Countries and Economies
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      Chen, AJ, Omri Even-Tov, Jung Koo Kang, and Regina Wittenberg-Moerman. "Digital Lending and Financial Well-Being: Through the Lens of Mobile Phone Data." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-076, April 2023. (Revised June 2023. SSRN Working Paper Series, April 2023)
      • 2022
      • Article

      Alleviating Time Poverty Among the Working Poor: A Pre-Registered Longitudinal Field Experiment

      By: A.V. Whillans and Colin West
      Poverty entails more than a scarcity of material resources—it also involves a shortage of time. To examine the causal benefits of reducing time poverty, we conducted a longitudinal feld experiment over six consecutive weeks in an urban slum in Kenya with a sample of...  View Details
      Keywords: Time; Subjective Well Being; Administrative Costs; Friction; Poverty; Well-being; Money; Perception; Kenya
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      Whillans, A.V., and Colin West. "Alleviating Time Poverty Among the Working Poor: A Pre-Registered Longitudinal Field Experiment." Art. 719. Scientific Reports 12 (2022).
      • September 2021
      • Article

      Income More Reliably Predicts Frequent Than Intense Happiness

      By: Jon M. Jachimowicz, Ruo Mo, Adam Eric Greenberg, Bertus Jeronimus and Ashley V. Whillans
      There is widespread consensus that income and subjective well-being are linked, but when and why they are connected is subject to ongoing debate. We draw on prior research that distinguishes between the frequency and intensity of happiness to suggest that higher income...  View Details
      Keywords: Life Satisfaction; Time Use; Happiness; Income; Money; Satisfaction
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      Jachimowicz, Jon M., Ruo Mo, Adam Eric Greenberg, Bertus Jeronimus, and Ashley V. Whillans. "Income More Reliably Predicts Frequent Than Intense Happiness." Social Psychological & Personality Science 12, no. 7 (September 2021): 1294–1306.
      • Article

      A Multicountry Perspective on Gender Differences in Time Use During COVID-19

      By: Laura M. Giurge, Ashley V. Whillans and Ayse Yemiscigil (shared authorship)
      The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally altered how people spend time, with possible consequences for subjective well-being. Using diverse samples of remote workers from the United States, Canada, Denmark, Brazil, and Spain (n = 31,141), following a preregistered...  View Details
      Keywords: Time; Subjective Well-being; COVID-19; Health Pandemics; Gender; Time Management; Well-being; Work-Life Balance; Global Range
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      Giurge, Laura M., Ashley V. Whillans, and Ayse Yemiscigil (shared authorship). "A Multicountry Perspective on Gender Differences in Time Use During COVID-19." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 12 (March 23, 2021).
      • 2021
      • Article

      Leisure Beliefs and the Subjective Well-being of Nations

      By: Lucia Macchia and A.V. Whillans
      Here, we construct a data set of 79 countries (N = 220,000) and explore whether differences in the prioritization of time (leisure) vs. money (work) explain cross-country differences in happiness. Consistent with our predictions, countries whose citizens value leisure...  View Details
      Keywords: Leisure; Work; Subjective Well-being; Public Policy; Employment; Happiness; Governance; Policy
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      Macchia, Lucia, and A.V. Whillans. "Leisure Beliefs and the Subjective Well-being of Nations." Journal of Positive Psychology 16, no. 2 (2021): 198–206. (Shared Authorship.)
      • October 2020
      • Article

      Why Time Poverty Matters for Individuals, Organisations, and Nations

      By: Laura Giurge, Ashley V. Whillans and Colin West
      Over the last two decades, global wealth has risen. Yet, material affluence has not translated into time affluence. Instead, most people today report feeling persistently “time poor”—like they have too many things to do and not enough time to do them. This is critical...  View Details
      Keywords: Time Poverty; Health; Well-being; Human Needs; Global Range
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      Giurge, Laura, Ashley V. Whillans, and Colin West. "Why Time Poverty Matters for Individuals, Organisations, and Nations." Nature Human Behaviour 4, no. 10 (October 2020): 993–1003. (Shared Authorship.)
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Work Values Shape the Relationship Between Stress and (Un)Happiness

      By: George Ward, Hanne Collins, Michael I. Norton and Ashley V. Whillans
      While global wealth has risen over the past few decades, this has not translated into a less stressful life for most people. In fact, stress has risen for people worldwide. Across six studies— including large-scale survey data from over 150 countries—we show that the...  View Details
      Keywords: Workplace; Work Culture; Stress; Employment; Values and Beliefs; Happiness
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      Ward, George, Hanne Collins, Michael I. Norton, and Ashley V. Whillans. "Work Values Shape the Relationship Between Stress and (Un)Happiness." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-044, September 2020.
      • March 24, 2020
      • Article

      Delayed Negative Effects of Prosocial Spending on Happiness

      By: Armin Falk and Thomas Graeber
      Does prosocial behavior promote happiness? We test this longstanding hypothesis in a behavioral experiment that extends the scope of previous research. In our Saving a Life paradigm, every participant either saved one human life in expectation by triggering a targeted...  View Details
      Keywords: Prosocial Behavior; Altruism; Happiness; Well-being; Spending; Behavior
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      Falk, Armin, and Thomas Graeber. "Delayed Negative Effects of Prosocial Spending on Happiness." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 12 (March 24, 2020): 6463–6468.
      • Article

      Prosocial Spending and Buying Time: Money as a Tool for Increasing Subjective Well-Being

      By: Elizabeth Dunn, A.V. Whillans, Michael I. Norton and Lara B. Aknin
      Researchers have long been interested in the relationship between income and happiness, but a newer wave of work suggests that how people use their money also matters. We discuss the three primary areas in which psychologists have explored the relationship...  View Details
      Keywords: Wellbeing; Money; Spending; Decision Making; Happiness; Well-being
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      Dunn, Elizabeth, A.V. Whillans, Michael I. Norton, and Lara B. Aknin. "Prosocial Spending and Buying Time: Money as a Tool for Increasing Subjective Well-Being." Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 61 (2020): 67–126.
      • Article

      Making Seconds Count: When Valuing Time Promotes Subjective Well-being

      By: Alice Lee-Yoon and A.V. Whillans
      Time is a finite and precious resource, and the way that we value our time can critically shape happiness. In this article, we present a conceptual framework to explain when valuing time can enhance vs. undermine well-being. Specifically, we review the emotional...  View Details
      Keywords: Time; Happiness; Welfare; Money; Value; Well-being
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      Lee-Yoon, Alice, and A.V. Whillans. "Making Seconds Count: When Valuing Time Promotes Subjective Well-being." Current Opinion in Psychology 26 (April 2019): 54–57.
      • 2019
      • Chapter

      Happiness and Prosocial Behavior: An Evaluation of the Evidence

      By: Lara B. Aknin, Ashley V. Whillans, Michael I. Norton and Elizabeth W. Dunn
      Humans are an extremely prosocial species. Compared to most primates, humans provide more assistance to family, friends, and strangers, even when costly. Why do people devote their resources to helping others? In this chapter, we examine whether engaging in prosocial...  View Details
      Keywords: Volunteering; Charity; Prosocial Behavior; Happiness; Well-being; Behavior
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      Aknin, Lara B., Ashley V. Whillans, Michael I. Norton, and Elizabeth W. Dunn. "Happiness and Prosocial Behavior: An Evaluation of the Evidence." Chap. 4 in World Happiness Report, edited by John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard, and Jeffrey D. Sachs, 67–86. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2019.
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      Status Inconsistency: Variance in One's Status Across Groups Harms Well-being but Improves Perspective-taking

      By: Catarina Fernandes and Alison Wood Brooks
      Most people belong to many different groups. While some people experience consistently high or low status across all of their groups, others experience wildly different levels of status in each group. In this research, we examine how status inconsistency – the degree...  View Details
      Keywords: Status; Social Hierarchies; Well-being; Perspective Taking; Status and Position; Groups and Teams; Satisfaction; Perspective
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      Fernandes, Catarina, and Alison Wood Brooks. "Status Inconsistency: Variance in One's Status Across Groups Harms Well-being but Improves Perspective-taking." Working Paper, 2018. (Revise & resubmit, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.)
      • Article

      The Asymmetric Experience of Positive and Negative Economic Growth: Global Evidence Using Subjective Well-being Data

      By: Jan-Emmanuel De Neve, George Ward, Femke De Keulenaer, Bert Van Landeghem, Georgios Kavetsos and Michael I. Norton
      Are individuals more sensitive to losses than gains in terms of economic growth? We find that measures of subjective well-being are more than twice as sensitive to negative as compared to positive economic growth. We use Gallup World Poll data from over 150 countries,...  View Details
      Keywords: Economic Growth; Business Cycles; Welfare; Perception; Global Range
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      De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel, George Ward, Femke De Keulenaer, Bert Van Landeghem, Georgios Kavetsos, and Michael I. Norton. "The Asymmetric Experience of Positive and Negative Economic Growth: Global Evidence Using Subjective Well-being Data." Review of Economics and Statistics 100, no. 2 (May 2018): 362–375.
      • 2018
      • Chapter

      Time, Money, and Subjective Wellbeing

      By: Cassie Mogilner, A.V. Whillans and Michael I. Norton
      Time and money are scarce and precious resources: people experience stress about having insufficient time and worry about having insufficient money. This chapter reviews research showing that the ways in which people spend their time and money, the tradeoffs that...  View Details
      Keywords: Money; Time Management; Happiness; Satisfaction
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      Mogilner, Cassie, A.V. Whillans, and Michael I. Norton. "Time, Money, and Subjective Wellbeing." In Handbook of Well-Being, edited by Ed Diener, Shigehiro Oishi, and Louis Tay. Noba Scholar Handbook Series. Salt Lake City: DEF Publishers, 2018. Electronic.
      • Article

      Social Recycling Transforms Unwanted Goods into Happiness

      By: Grant Edward Donnelly, Cait Lamberton, Rebecca Walker Reczek and Michael I. Norton
      Consumers are often surrounded by resources that once offered meaning or happiness but that have lost this subjective value over time—even as they retain their objective utility. We explore the potential for social recycling—disposing of used goods by allowing other...  View Details
      Keywords: Disposition; Well-being; Prosocial Behavior; Pro-environmental Behavior; Happiness; Behavior; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Environmental Sustainability
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      Donnelly, Grant Edward, Cait Lamberton, Rebecca Walker Reczek, and Michael I. Norton. "Social Recycling Transforms Unwanted Goods into Happiness." Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 2, no. 1 (January 2017): 48–63.
      • Article

      Valuing Time Over Money Is Associated with Greater Happiness

      By: Ashley V. Whillans, Aaron C. Weidman and Elizabeth W. Dunn
      How do the trade-offs that we make about two of our most valuable resources—time and money—shape happiness? While past research has documented the immediate consequences of thinking about time and money, research has not yet examined whether people’s general...  View Details
      Keywords: Well-being; Time; Trade-offs; Orientations; Happiness; Money; Satisfaction
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      Whillans, Ashley V., Aaron C. Weidman, and Elizabeth W. Dunn. "Valuing Time Over Money Is Associated with Greater Happiness." Social Psychological & Personality Science 7, no. 3 (April 2016): 213–222. (Most read publication in SPPS in December & January, 2016. This publication was featured in the "Top 10 Insights from the Science of a Meaningful Life in 2016" by the Greater Good Science Center at UC Berkeley.)
      • 2016
      • Article

      Does Volunteering Improve Well-being?

      By: A.V. Whillans, S.C. Seider, R. Dwyer, L. Chen, S. Novick, K.J. Graminga, B.A. Mitchell, V. Savalei, S.S. Dickerson and E.W. Dunn
      Does volunteering causally improve well-being? To empirically test this question, we examined one instantiation of volunteering that is common at post-secondary institutions across North America: community service learning (CSL). CSL is a form of experiential learning...  View Details
      Keywords: Prosocial Behavior; College Students; Bayesian Statistics; Education; Well-being
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      Whillans, A.V., S.C. Seider, R. Dwyer, L. Chen, S. Novick, K.J. Graminga, B.A. Mitchell, V. Savalei, S.S. Dickerson, and E.W. Dunn. "Does Volunteering Improve Well-being?" Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology 1, nos. 1-3 (2016): 35–50.
      • October 2012
      • Article

      Giving Time Gives You Time

      By: Cassie Mogilner, Zoe Chance and Michael I. Norton
      Four experiments reveal a counterintuitive solution to the common problem of feeling that one does not have enough time: giving some of it away. Although people's objective amount of time cannot be increased (there are only 24 hours in a day), this research...  View Details
      Keywords: Time Perception; Well-being; Volunteering; Prosocial Behavior; Helping; Time Management; Welfare
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      Mogilner, Cassie, Zoe Chance, and Michael I. Norton. "Giving Time Gives You Time." Psychological Science 23, no. 10 (October 2012): 1233–1238.
      • November 2008
      • Article

      Getting off the Hedonic Treadmill, One Step at a Time: The Impact of Regular Religious Practice and Exercise on Well-Being

      By: Daniel Mochon, Michael I. Norton and Dan Ariely
      Many studies have shown that few events in life have a lasting impact on subjective well-being because of people's tendency to adapt quickly; worse, those events that do have a lasting impact tend to be negative. We suggest that while major events may not provide...  View Details
      Keywords: Health; Religion; Behavior; Happiness; Welfare
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      Mochon, Daniel, Michael I. Norton, and Dan Ariely. "Getting off the Hedonic Treadmill, One Step at a Time: The Impact of Regular Religious Practice and Exercise on Well-Being." Journal of Economic Psychology 29, no. 5 (November 2008): 632–642.
      • April 2005
      • Article

      Partisan Social Happiness

      By: Rafael Di Tella and Robert MacCulloch
      We use a new approach to study questions in political economy that relies on data on the subjective well-being of a large sample of people living in the OECD over the period 1975-1992. Controlling for the personal characteristics of the respondents, year and country...  View Details
      Keywords: Political Partisanship; Political Economy; Society; Happiness
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      Di Tella, Rafael, and Robert MacCulloch. "Partisan Social Happiness." Review of Economic Studies 72, no. 2 (April 2005): 367–93.
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