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- 2021
- Working Paper
Cognitive Biases: Mistakes or Missing Stakes?
By: Benjamin Enke, Uri Gneezy, Brian Hall, David Martin, Vadim Nelidov, Theo Offerman and Jeroen van de Ven
Despite decades of research on heuristics and biases, empirical evidence on the effect of large incentives—as present in relevant economic decisions—on cognitive biases is scant. This paper tests the effect of incentives on four widely documented biases: base rate...
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Enke, Benjamin, Uri Gneezy, Brian Hall, David Martin, Vadim Nelidov, Theo Offerman, and Jeroen van de Ven. "Cognitive Biases: Mistakes or Missing Stakes?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-102, March 2021.
- March 2021
- Article
Opting-in to Prosocial Incentives
By: Daniel Schwartz, Elizabeth A. Keenan, Alex Imas and Ayelet Gneezy
The design of effective incentive schemes that are both successful in motivating employees and keeping down costs is of critical importance. Research has demonstrated that prosocial incentives, where individuals’ effort benefits a charitable organization, can sometimes...
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Keywords:
Incentives;
Prosocial Behavior;
Behavioral Economics;
Field Experiments;
Recycling;
Prosocial Motivation;
Decision Making;
Motivation and Incentives;
Behavior
Schwartz, Daniel, Elizabeth A. Keenan, Alex Imas, and Ayelet Gneezy. "Opting-in to Prosocial Incentives." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 163 (March 2021): 132–141.
- 2020
- Working Paper
Reputation Fuels Moralistic Punishment That People Judge to Be Questionably Merited
By: Jillian J. Jordan and Nour Kteily
Critics of outrage culture allege that virtue signaling fuels morally questionable punishment. But does reputation actually have the power to motivate punishment that people see as ambiguously deserved? Across four studies (total n = 9,587), among both liberals and...
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Jordan, Jillian J., and Nour Kteily. "Reputation Fuels Moralistic Punishment That People Judge to Be Questionably Merited." Working Paper, December 2020.
- January–February 2021
- Article
Compensation Packages That Actually Drive Performance
By: Boris Groysberg, Sarah Abbott, Michael R. Marino and Metin Aksoy
By aligning executives’ financial incentives with company strategy, a firm can inspire its management to deliver superior results. But it can be hard to get pay packages right. In this article four experts break down the key elements of compensation and explain how to...
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Keywords:
Executive Compensation;
Compensation and Benefits;
Motivation and Incentives;
Strategy;
Performance
Groysberg, Boris, Sarah Abbott, Michael R. Marino, and Metin Aksoy. "Compensation Packages That Actually Drive Performance." Harvard Business Review 99, no. 1 (January–February 2021): 102–111.
- February 2020
- Article
Why Prosocial Referral Incentives Work: The Interplay of Reputational Benefits and Action Costs
By: Rachel Gershon, Cynthia Cryder and Leslie K. John
While selfish incentives typically outperform prosocial incentives, in the context of customer referral rewards, prosocial incentives can be more effective. Companies frequently offer “selfish” (i.e., sender-benefiting) referral incentives, offering customers financial...
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Keywords:
Incentives;
Prosocial Behavior;
Judgment And Decision-making;
Referral Rewards;
Motivation and Incentives;
Consumer Behavior;
Decision Making
Gershon, Rachel, Cynthia Cryder, and Leslie K. John. "Why Prosocial Referral Incentives Work: The Interplay of Reputational Benefits and Action Costs." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 57, no. 1 (February 2020): 156–172.
- April 2019
- Case
Barber Cardiosystems
By: Ranjay Gulati and Paul S. Myers
Barber Cardiosystems, based in Melbourne, Australia, designs and manufactures therapeutic devices used for treatment of coronary conditions. Over four decades, it has grown to be among the top 200 medical device companies in the world. It competes against much larger...
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Keywords:
Organizational Behavior;
Strategic Alignment;
Cost Management;
Performance Productivity;
Organizational Culture;
Motivation and Incentives;
Organizational Design;
Strategy;
Leadership;
Medical Devices and Supplies Industry;
Australia
Gulati, Ranjay, and Paul S. Myers. "Barber Cardiosystems." Harvard Business School Brief Case 919-505, April 2019.
- 2020
- Working Paper
Incentive Power and Knowledge Sharing Among Employees: Evidence from the Field
By: Wei Cai, Susanna Gallani and Jee-Eun Shin
There is consensus, both in the literature and in practice, about knowledge sharing within organizations being a key determinant of success. However, organizations struggle to sustain employees’ engagement in knowledge sharing. One challenge lies in the fact that,...
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Keywords:
Organizational Knowledge Sharing;
Employee Driven Innovation;
Innovation Appropriability;
Contract Design;
High-powered Incentives;
Low-powered Incentives;
Incentives;
Pay-for-Performance;
Rank-and-file;
Employees;
Knowledge Sharing;
Innovation and Invention;
Motivation and Incentives;
Creativity;
Performance
Cai, Wei, Susanna Gallani, and Jee-Eun Shin. "Incentive Power and Knowledge Sharing Among Employees: Evidence from the Field." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-015, August 2018. (Revised April 2020.)
- March–April 2017
- Article
Advancing Conservation by Understanding and Influencing Human Behavior
By: Sheila M. Reddy, Jensen Montambault, Yuta J. Masuda, Ayelet Gneezy, Elizabeth Keenan, William Butler, Jonathan R. Fisher and Stanley T. Asah
Behavioral sciences can advance conservation by systematically identifying behavioral barriers to conservation and how to best overcome them. Behavioral sciences have informed policy in many other realms (e.g., health, savings), but they are a largely untapped resource...
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Keywords:
Adaptive Management;
Awareness;
Behavioral Economics;
Behavioral Science;
Conservation Intervention;
Conservation Planning;
Decision-making;
Incentives;
Nudge;
Management;
Motivation and Incentives;
Behavior;
Marketing;
Decision Making;
Environmental Sustainability;
Economics
Reddy, Sheila M., Jensen Montambault, Yuta J. Masuda, Ayelet Gneezy, Elizabeth Keenan, William Butler, Jonathan R. Fisher, and Stanley T. Asah. "Advancing Conservation by Understanding and Influencing Human Behavior." Conservation Letters 10, no. 2 (March–April 2017): 248–256. (doi:10.1111/conl.12252.)
- Article
Matching Firms, Managers, and Incentives
By: Oriana Bandiera, Luigi Guiso, Andrea Prat and Raffaella Sadun
We combine unique administrative and survey data to study the match between firms and managers. The data include manager characteristics, firm characteristics, detailed measures of managerial practices, and outcomes for the firm and the manager. A parsimonious model of...
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Bandiera, Oriana, Luigi Guiso, Andrea Prat, and Raffaella Sadun. "Matching Firms, Managers, and Incentives." Journal of Labor Economics 33, no. 3 (July 2015): 623–681.
- Article
Contingent Match Incentives Increase Donations
By: Lalin Anik, Michael I. Norton and Dan Ariely
We propose a new means by which non-profits can induce donors to give today and commit to giving in the future: contingent match incentives, in which matching is made contingent on the percentage of others who give (e.g., "if X% of others give, we will match all...
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Keywords:
Matching Donations;
Social Proof;
Prosocial Behavior;
Charitable Giving;
Plausibility;
Motivation and Incentives;
Philanthropy and Charitable Giving
Anik, Lalin, Michael I. Norton, and Dan Ariely. "Contingent Match Incentives Increase Donations." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 51, no. 6 (December 2014): 790–801.
- 2013
- Article
Non-Audit Services and Financial Reporting Quality: Evidence from 1978–1980
By: Kevin Koh, Shiva Rajgopal and Suraj Srinivasan
We provide evidence for the long-standing concern on auditor conflicts of interest from providing non-audit services (NAS) to audit clients by using rarely explored NAS fee data from 1978 to 1980. Using this earlier setting, we find cross-sectional evidence of improved...
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Keywords:
Conflict of Interests;
Financial Reporting;
Accounting Audits;
Knowledge Dissemination;
Quality;
Corporate Disclosure;
Motivation and Incentives
Koh, Kevin, Shiva Rajgopal, and Suraj Srinivasan. "Non-Audit Services and Financial Reporting Quality: Evidence from 1978–1980." Review of Accounting Studies 18, no. 1 (March 2013): 1–33.
- December 2012
- Article
Grand Innovation Prizes: A Theoretical, Normative, and Empirical Evaluation
By: Alan MacCormack, Fiona Murray, Scott Stern and Georgina Campbell
This paper provides a systematic examination of the use of a Grand Innovation Prize (GIP) in action—the Progressive Automotive Insurance X PRIZE—a $10 million prize for a highly efficient vehicle. Following a mechanism design approach we define three key dimensions for...
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MacCormack, Alan, Fiona Murray, Scott Stern, and Georgina Campbell. "Grand Innovation Prizes: A Theoretical, Normative, and Empirical Evaluation." Research Policy 41, no. 10 (December 2012): 1779–1792.
- February 4, 2012
- Book Review
"When Life Is a Bunch of Carrots." Book Review of Strings Attached: Untangling the Ethics of Incentives, by Ruth W. Grant
By: Nancy F. Koehn
Koehn, Nancy F. "When Life Is a Bunch of Carrots." Book Review of Strings Attached: Untangling the Ethics of Incentives, by Ruth W. Grant. New York Times (February 4, 2012). (Review.)
- 2012
- Working Paper
Earnings Management from the Bottom Up: An Analysis of Managerial Incentives Below the CEO
By: Felix Oberholzer-Gee and Julie Wulf
Performance-based pay is an important instrument to align the interests of managers with the interests of shareholders. However, recent evidence suggests that high-powered incentives also provide managers with incentives to manipulate the firm's reported earnings. The...
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Keywords:
Compensation and Benefits;
Interests;
Business and Shareholder Relations;
Motivation and Incentives;
Earnings Management;
Performance Evaluation;
Stock Options
Oberholzer-Gee, Felix, and Julie Wulf. "Earnings Management from the Bottom Up: An Analysis of Managerial Incentives Below the CEO ." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 12-056, January 2012. (Revised August 2012.)
- 2012
- Article
Do Voters Demand Responsive Governments? Evidence from Indian Disaster Relief
By: Shawn Cole, Andrew Healy and Eric Werker
Using rainfall, public relief, and election data from India, we examine how governments respond to adverse shocks and how voters react to these responses. The data show that voters punish the incumbent party for weather events beyond its control. However, fewer voters...
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Keywords:
Political Elections;
System Shocks;
Natural Disasters;
Policy;
Motivation and Incentives;
Public Opinion;
India
Cole, Shawn, Andrew Healy, and Eric Werker. "Do Voters Demand Responsive Governments? Evidence from Indian Disaster Relief." Journal of Development Economics 97, no. 2 (March 2012): 167–181.
- Article
The Learning Effects of Monitoring
By: Dennis Campbell, Marc Epstein and F. Asis Martinez-Jerez
This paper investigates the relationship between monitoring, decision making, and learning among lower-level employees. We exploit a field-research setting in which business units vary in the "tightness" with which they monitor employee decisions. We find that tighter...
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Keywords:
Learning;
Business or Company Management;
Decision Making;
Employees;
Research;
Resignation and Termination;
Rights;
Business Units;
Governance Controls;
Performance;
Motivation and Incentives
Campbell, Dennis, Marc Epstein, and F. Asis Martinez-Jerez. "The Learning Effects of Monitoring." Accounting Review 86, no. 6 (November 2011): 1909–1934.
- 2010
- Working Paper
Agency Revisited
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Daniel F. Spulber
The article presents a comprehensive overview of the principal-agent model that emphasizes the role of trust in the agency relationship. The analysis demonstrates that the legal remedy for breach of duty can result in a full-information efficient outcome eliminating...
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Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Daniel F. Spulber. "Agency Revisited." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-082, March 2010.
- March 2010
- Article
Interpersonal Authority in a Theory of the Firm
This paper develops a theory of the firm in which a firm's centralized asset ownership and low-powered incentives give the manager, as an equilibrium outcome, interpersonal authority over employees (in a world with open disagreement). The paper thus provides...
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Keywords:
Theory;
Assets;
Ownership;
Motivation and Incentives;
Governance Controls;
Power and Influence;
Projects;
Perspective;
Employees
Van den Steen, Eric J. "Interpersonal Authority in a Theory of the Firm." American Economic Review 100, no. 1 (March 2010): 466–490.
- May 2009
- Article
Authority versus Persuasion
This paper studies a manager's trade-off between using persuasion and using interpersonal authority to get an employee to 'do the right thing' from the manager's perspective (when the manager and employee disagree on the right course of action). It...
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Keywords:
Employee Relationship Management;
Managerial Roles;
Projects;
Motivation and Incentives;
Power and Influence
Van den Steen, Eric J. "Authority versus Persuasion." American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 99, no. 2 (May 2009): 448–453.
- 2009
- Working Paper
Authority versus Persuasion
This paper studies a principal's trade-off between using persuasion versus using interpersonal authority to get the agent to "do the right thing"; from the principal's perspective (when the principal and agent openly disagree on the right course of action). It shows...
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Keywords:
Employee Relationship Management;
Managerial Roles;
Projects;
Motivation and Incentives;
Power and Influence
Van den Steen, Eric J. "Authority versus Persuasion." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09-085, January 2009.