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- November 2022
- Case
GE: A New Way Forward?
By: David J. Collis and Haisley Wert
One of the most iconic American companies, General Electric (GE) was founded in 1892 in New York state. Named among the original dozen companies on the Dow Jones index in 1896, it was the list’s most tenacious holdout, maintaining its “blue chip” stock status for over...
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- 2022
- Working Paper
You've Got Mail! The Late 19th Century U.S. Postal Service Expansion, Entrepreneurship, and Firm Performance
By: Astrid Marinoni and Maria P. Roche
We analyze the impact of the US Postal Service's western expansion in the late 19th century, a major institutional innovation, on entrepreneurship and its heterogeneous influence on firm performance. Exploiting a novel dataset constructed from digitized archival...
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- August 2022
- Case
Air Wars: Deregulating the U.S. Airline Industry
By: Tom Nicholas and James Weber
In the early decades of the twentieth century, the U.S. government assisted in the development of an airline industry by subsidizing the delivery of mail and allowing mail carriers to also fly passengers. Because the government awarded mail routes to the lowest...
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Keywords:
Government Regulation;
Deregulation;
Change Management;
Economics;
Entrepreneurship;
Financial Management;
Business History;
Human Resources;
Compensation and Benefits;
Labor;
Labor Unions;
Leading Change;
Leadership Style;
Crisis Management;
Industry Structures;
Operations;
Strategy;
Adaptation;
Competition;
Air Transportation;
Air Transportation Industry;
United States
- 2022
- Working Paper
The Impact of the Chinese Exclusion Act on the U.S. Economy
By: Joe Long, Carlo Medici, Nancy Qian and Marco Tabellini
This paper studies the impact of the Chinese Exclusion Act, which banned Chinese immigration to the United States after 1882, across U.S. counties between 1870 and 1940. We find that the Act reduced labor supply for both the Chinese and other groups (i.e., white and...
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- 2022
- Book
Making Meritocracy: Lessons from China and India, from Antiquity to the Present
By: Tarun Khanna and Michael Szonyi
How do societies identify and promote merit? Enabling all people to fulfill their potential, and ensuring the selection of competent and capable leaders are central challenges for any society. These are not new concerns. Scholars, educators, and political and economic...
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- July 2022
- Case
A Soul and a Service: North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance
By: Tom Nicholas and John Masko
The North Carolina Mutual and Provident Association (the Mutual) was founded in 1898 as a for-profit entity selling life insurance catering to the Black community. The Mutual was entering a field crowded with established White-owned competitors that largely refused to...
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- 2022
- Book
Empires of Ideas: Creating the Modern University from Germany to America to China
By: William C. Kirby
The modern university was born in Germany. In the twentieth century, the United States leapfrogged Germany to become the global leader in higher education. Will China challenge its position in the twenty-first?
Today American institutions dominate nearly every... View Details
Today American institutions dominate nearly every... View Details
- June 2022
- Case
Mossadeq’s Gambit: The US, UK, and Iranian Oil Nationalization
By: Jeremy Friedman and Jingyu Liu
Many of the West’s political problems in the Middle East and in Iran in particular can be traced to the overthrow of Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh by military forces supported by the American CIA and the British MI6 in August 1953. Mossadegh, at the head of a...
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- April 2022
- Teaching Note
Gender Equality in Business: 100 Years of Progress?
By: Boris Groysberg and Colleen Ammerman
Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 422-066, "Gender Equality in Business: 100 Years of Progress?" The case traces the history of women in management from the early 20th to early 21st century through analysis of Harvard Business Review's coverage of women and gender. The...
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- April 2022
- Case
Gender Equality in Business: 100 Years of Progress?
By: Boris Groysberg and Colleen Ammerman
"Gender Equality in Business: 100 Years of Progress?" traces the history of women in management from the early 20th to early 21st century through analysis of Harvard Business Review's coverage of women and gender. The case identifies six distinct phases in the...
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- April 2022 (Revised July 2022)
- Case
Stalin’s Capitalists: American Business and Soviet Industrialization
By: Jeremy Friedman, Jingyu Liu and Christine Riggle
In the late 1920s and early 1930s when Joseph Stalin, leader of the world’s first Communist state, sought to industrialize his largely peasant country on an unprecedented scale, he turned for help to those who had the most experience constructing on such a scale:...
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- April 2022
- Case
The First Opium War and Global Free Trade
By: Jeremy Friedman and Allison Lazarus
The First Opium War (1839-1842) symbolized the peak of the era of European imperialism, with a political and cultural legacy that remains potent to this day. The British Empire, “acquired in a fit of absent-mindedness” as one observer famously claimed, seemed to be...
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Keywords:
Imperialism;
Narcotics;
Importing;
History;
Globalized Markets and Industries;
Trade;
Social Issues
- 2022
- Chapter
Capitalism and the Environment
By: Geoffrey Jones
Capitalism drove the environmental decimation of the planet. The environment was seen as a free good, while the consequences of dirty industrial and agricultural processes were seen as external to the firm. Public policies largely allowed this to happen, as politicians...
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- March 2022
- Supplement
Ukraine: On the Border of Europe and Eurasia (B)
By: Rawi Abdelal, Jonathan Schlefer and Cressida Arkwright
Supplements the (A) case. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 raised questions about democratization and a possible reshaping of the global order. It arose from deep roots in the history of both nations but also turned on contingent decisions by their...
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- March 2022 (Revised November 2022)
- Case
When Should CEOs Speak Out Publicly? The 2021 Georgia Voting Law
By: William W. George, Hubert Joly and Amram Migdal
This case describes the March 2021 passage of a voting and elections law in the U.S. state of Georgia and reactions by corporations and corporate leaders to the law. Included are a brief history of voting rights in the United States and Georgia and an overview of the...
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Keywords:
Voting Rights;
CEO Activism;
Communication;
Communication Intention and Meaning;
Communication Strategy;
Forms of Communication;
Announcements;
Spoken Communication;
Decision Making;
Judgments;
Voting;
Demographics;
Nationality;
Race;
Geography;
Geographic Location;
Geopolitical Units;
Country;
Government and Politics;
Government Administration;
Government Legislation;
Political Elections;
History;
Law;
Laws and Statutes;
Rights;
Leadership;
Leadership Style;
Management;
Management Skills;
Relationships;
Business and Community Relations;
Business and Government Relations;
Business and Stakeholder Relations;
Social Psychology;
Status and Position;
Society;
Civil Society or Community;
Culture;
Public Opinion;
Social Issues;
Societal Protocols;
United States;
Georgia (state, US)
- March 2022
- Case
Copper Nationalization in Chile
By: Jeremy Friedman, John Masko and Jingyu Liu
In 1970 Chile became the first country to elect a Marxist president through open, multi-party elections in Salvador Allende. In his first year as president, Allende nationalized the copper industry, Chile’s largest export industry that was developed and owned by US...
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- March 2022 (Revised April 2022)
- Case
In Search of Global Regulation
By: Geoffrey Jones and Mona Rahmani
The history of the international regulation of global capitalism is surveyed, addressing the challenges facing firms confronting international, national, and regional regulation. Follows the history of global regulation after 1914, from the League of Nations;...
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- March 2022 (Revised April 2022)
- Case
Pittsburgh: A Successful City?
Pittsburgh, PA, was once the crown jewel of American heavy industry. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the city was an undisputed leader in steel production, boasting some of the largest companies and wealthiest individuals in the world. Its abundance of...
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Keywords:
Economic And Social Disparities;
Economic Development;
Local Economic Development;
Contextual Intelligence;
Contextual Knowledge;
Context;
City Growth;
City Innovation;
City Leadership;
Pittsburgh;
Local Government;
Local Stakeholders;
Business And Community;
Business And Community Relations;
Community Engagement;
Community Relations;
Cross-sector Collaboration;
Innovation;
Innovation Economy;
Innovation Clusters;
Innovation Ecosystems;
Shared Prosperity;
Equality Of Opportunity;
Equity;
Inclusion;
Business And Government;
Business ＆ Government Relations;
Business And Government Relations;
Business And Society;
Neighborhoods;
Race And Ethnicity;
Innovation ＆ Entrepreneurship;
Diversity;
Ethnicity;
Race;
Household;
Income;
Economic Growth;
Economic Sectors;
Economics;
Local Range;
Urban Development;
Urban Scope;
City;
Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues;
Government and Politics;
Government Administration;
Growth and Development;
History;
Leadership;
Goals and Objectives;
Philanthropy and Charitable Giving;
Society;
Civil Society or Community;
Culture;
Human Needs;
Public Opinion;
Public Sector;
Social Issues;
Poverty;
Equality and Inequality;
Manufacturing Industry;
Steel Industry;
Education Industry;
Medical Devices and Supplies Industry;
Technology Industry;
United States;
Pittsburgh;
Pennsylvania
- 2022
- Chapter
Crises and International Business
By: Geoffrey Jones
This chapter uses the intellectual journey of the author to suggest that crises have been the norm rather than the exception in the history of international business. Over the last 100 years world wars, regional conflicts, the Great Depression, and decolonization are...
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