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All HBS Web
(179)
- Faculty Publications (47)
- 2015
- Working Paper
Bottlenecks, Modules and Dynamic Architectural Capabilities
How do firms create and capture value in large technical systems? In this paper, I argue that the points of both value creation and value capture are the system's bottlenecks. Bottlenecks arise first as important technical problems to be solved. Once the problem is...
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Keywords:
Architecture;
Architectural Knowledge;
Dynamic Capabilities;
Bottleneck;
Modularity;
Organization Design;
Organization Boundaries;
Property Rights;
Organizational Design;
Organizational Structure
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Bottlenecks, Modules and Dynamic Architectural Capabilities." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-028, October 2014. (Revised May 2015.)
- March 2013 (Revised October 2013)
- Supplement
Jones Lang LaSalle (2012): Integrated Services and the Architecture of Complexity (D)
By: Ranjay Gulati and Luciana Silvestri
This case describes the strategic and organizational challenges that Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL) faced between 2008 and 2012. In 2008, in order to strengthen the firm's brokerage team, JLL merged with The Staubach Company, a real estate services provider with a first-rate...
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Keywords:
Organizational Structure;
Strategy;
Integration;
Real Estate Industry;
North America;
South America;
Central America
Gulati, Ranjay, and Luciana Silvestri. "Jones Lang LaSalle (2012): Integrated Services and the Architecture of Complexity (D)." Harvard Business School Supplement 113-117, March 2013. (Revised October 2013.)
- 2013
- Dictionary Entry
Technology and Innovation Management
The goal of this annotated bibliography on technology and innovation is to organize and present the most important literature relevant to a scholar seeking to understand and advance the field. It includes articles that are highly-cited and foundational pieces, as well...
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Keywords:
Technology;
Technological Change;
Innovation Streams;
Organizational Evolution;
Executive Leadership;
Organizational Architecture;
Information Technology;
Technological Innovation;
Innovation and Management;
Organizational Change and Adaptation;
Leadership;
Organizational Design
Altman, Elizabeth J., Frank Nagle, and Michael L. Tushman. "Technology and Innovation Management." In Oxford Bibliographies: Management, edited by Ricky W. Griffin. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. Electronic.
- 2012
- Working Paper
Modularity and Organizations
Modularity describes the degree to which a complex system can be broken apart into subunits (modules) that can be recombined in various ways. Modularity is important for organizations and the economy because the boundaries of organizational units and corporations are...
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- Article
Exploring the Duality Between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the 'Mirroring' Hypothesis
By: Alan MacCormack, Carliss Y. Baldwin and John Rusnak
A variety of academic studies argue that a relationship exists between the structure of an organization and the design of the products that the organization produces. Specifically, products tend to "mirror" the architectures of the organizations in which they are...
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Keywords:
Organization Design;
Architecture;
Modularity;
Open Source Software;
Communication;
Design;
Governance;
Management Practices and Processes;
Open Source Distribution;
Product Design;
Mission and Purpose;
Organizational Structure;
Performance;
Problems and Challenges;
Behavior;
Software
MacCormack, Alan, Carliss Y. Baldwin, and John Rusnak. "Exploring the Duality Between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the 'Mirroring' Hypothesis." Research Policy 41, no. 8 (October 2012): 1309–1324.
- 2012
- Book
The Architecture of Innovation: The Economics of Creative Organizations
By: Josh Lerner
Innovation is a much-used buzzword these days, but when it comes to creating and implementing a new idea, many companies miss the mark—plans backfire, consumer preferences shift, or tried-and-true practices fail to work in a new context. So is innovation just a...
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Keywords:
Motivation and Incentives;
Innovation Strategy;
Innovation and Management;
Organizational Structure;
Microeconomics
Lerner, Josh. The Architecture of Innovation: The Economics of Creative Organizations. Harvard Business Review Press, 2012.
- December 2010
- Case
Leadership, Culture, and Transition at lululemon
By: Michael Tushman, Ruth Page and Tom Ryder
The case examines leadership and organizational change within a strong culture context through a multimedia study of lululemon, a specialty retailer of high-end athletic apparel. Video segments trace the company's history from its founding in 1998 as a single retail...
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Keywords:
Leading Change;
Organizational Culture;
Organizational Change and Adaptation;
Change Management;
Transition;
Growth Management;
Management Teams;
Organizational Structure;
Governing and Advisory Boards;
Apparel and Accessories Industry;
Retail Industry;
Vancouver;
United States
Tushman, Michael, Ruth Page, and Tom Ryder. "Leadership, Culture, and Transition at lululemon." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 410-705, December 2010.
- October 2010
- Article
Organizational Designs and Innovation Streams
By: Michael Tushman, Wendy K. Smith, Robert Chapman Wood, George Westerman and Charles A. O'Reilly III
This article empirically explores the relations between alternative organizational designs and a firm's ability to explore as well as exploit. We operationalize exploitation and exploration in terms of innovation streams—incremental innovation in existing products as...
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Keywords:
Competency and Skills;
Innovation and Invention;
Management Teams;
Product Development;
Organizational Change and Adaptation;
Organizational Culture;
Organizational Design;
Outcome or Result;
Performance Improvement
Tushman, Michael, Wendy K. Smith, Robert Chapman Wood, George Westerman, and Charles A. O'Reilly III. "Organizational Designs and Innovation Streams." Industrial and Corporate Change 19, no. 5 (October 2010): 1331–1366. (doi: 10.1093/icc/dtq040.)
- September 2010 (Revised April 2015)
- Case
Taj Hotels, Resorts and Palaces
By: Rohit Deshpande and Mona Sinha
The Taj Hotels, Palaces, and Resorts introduced a new brand architecture to counter lack of differentiation and confused positioning of its mixed bag of brands. After launching an economy and an upscale brand, it dithered over the launch of its upper upscale and luxury...
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Keywords:
Growth Management;
Brands and Branding;
Marketing Strategy;
Product Positioning;
Luxury;
Accommodations Industry;
India
Deshpande, Rohit, and Mona Sinha. "Taj Hotels, Resorts and Palaces." Harvard Business School Case 511-039, September 2010. (Revised April 2015.)
- July 2010 (Revised September 2012)
- Case
Public Architecture
By: Lakshmi Ramarajan, Christopher Marquis and Bobbi Thomason
Public Architecture is a non-profit architecture company dedicated to creating social and professional change through design for the public good. Public has focused on three strategies to create change: 1) promoting the design community's commitment to pro bono work,...
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Keywords:
Design;
Innovation and Management;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Organizational Culture;
Organizational Structure;
Nonprofit Organizations;
Business Strategy;
Integration
Ramarajan, Lakshmi, Christopher Marquis, and Bobbi Thomason. "Public Architecture." Harvard Business School Case 411-030, July 2010. (Revised September 2012.)
- 2010
- Working Paper
When Open Architecture Beats Closed: The Entrepreneurial Use of Architectural Knowledge
This paper describes how entrepreneurial firms can use superior architectural knowledge to open up a technical system to gain strategic advantage. The strategy involves, first, identifying "bottlenecks" in the existing system, and then creating a new open architecture...
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Keywords:
Entrepreneurship;
Investment Return;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Product Design;
Organizational Design;
Competitive Advantage;
Technology Industry
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "When Open Architecture Beats Closed: The Entrepreneurial Use of Architectural Knowledge." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-063, February 2010. (Revised July 2010, October 2010.)
- April 2009 (Revised July 2010)
- Case
Corporate Solutions at Jones Lang LaSalle (2001)
By: Ranjay Gulati and Lucia Menzer Marshall
Peter Barge, CEO of the newly created Corporate Solutions Group of Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL), is executing a restructuring of the U.S. corporate real estate services division that will enable the company to offer its clients integrated solutions. Barge has created an...
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Keywords:
Business Divisions;
Restructuring;
Customer Relationship Management;
Organizational Design;
Organizational Structure;
Corporate Strategy;
Integration
Gulati, Ranjay, and Lucia Menzer Marshall. "Corporate Solutions at Jones Lang LaSalle (2001)." Harvard Business School Case 409-111, April 2009. (Revised July 2010.)
- January 2009 (Revised June 2010)
- Case
Cisco Systems (2001): Building and Sustaining a Customer-Centric Culture
By: Ranjay Gulati
Customer centricity has been an important part of the culture at Cisco Systems since its inception. While part of this is attributable to values put in place by the founders and retained by subsequent management, it is also closely interwoven with its organizational...
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Keywords:
Customer Satisfaction;
Organizational Design;
Organizational Structure;
Organizational Change and Adaptation;
Change Management;
Organizational Culture;
Research and Development;
Job Cuts and Outsourcing;
Employees;
Brands and Branding;
Customer Relationship Management;
Business Units
Gulati, Ranjay. "Cisco Systems (2001): Building and Sustaining a Customer-Centric Culture." Harvard Business School Case 409-061, January 2009. (Revised June 2010.)
- December 2008 (Revised December 2010)
- Case
Hema Hattangady and Conzerv (A)
By: Michael L. Tushman and David Kiron
This case describes the evolution of a fast-growing Indian energy firm. It illustrates both leadership change as Hema is evolving as a leader, as well as how organization architecture (culture, systems, incentives, and human resources) is evolving. The case highlights...
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Keywords:
Change;
Decision Choices and Conditions;
Leadership Development;
Organizational Change and Adaptation;
Organizational Culture;
Organizational Structure;
Energy Industry;
India
Tushman, Michael L., and David Kiron. "Hema Hattangady and Conzerv (A)." Harvard Business School Case 409-022, December 2008. (Revised December 2010.)
- 2008
- Working Paper
Exploring the Duality between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the Mirroring Hypothesis
By: Alan D. MacCormack, John Rusnak and Carliss Y. Baldwin
A variety of academic studies argue that a relationship exists between the structure of an organization and the design of the products that this organization produces. Specifically, products tend to "mirror" the architectures of the organizations in which they are...
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Keywords:
Open Source Distribution;
Product Design;
Organizational Design;
Organizational Structure;
Performance Effectiveness;
Information Technology Industry
MacCormack, Alan D., John Rusnak, and Carliss Y. Baldwin. "Exploring the Duality between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the Mirroring Hypothesis." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 08-039, March 2008. (Revised October 2008, January 2011.)
- 28 Apr 2006 - 1 May 2006
- Conference Presentation
Exploring the Relationship between Product Architecture and Organizational Form: A Test of "Conway's Law"
By: Alan MacCormack
MacCormack, Alan. Exploring the Relationship between Product Architecture and Organizational Form: A Test of "Conway's Law". In Empirical Studies of Software Development (Session Chair). Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Production and Operations Management Society (POMS), Boston, MA, April 28–May 1, 2006.
- 1998
- Book
Competing by Design: The Power of Organizational Architectures
By: D. Nadler and Michael Tushman
Keywords:
Organizational Design
Nadler, D., and Michael Tushman. Competing by Design: The Power of Organizational Architectures. NY: Oxford University Press, 1998.
- August 1995
- Case
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.: IT Organization and Architecture Challenges
By: Richard L. Nolan
Presents the outcome of Air Products ICON decentralization projects. New issues are explored, including the challenges of having a decentralized MIS staff, global network, client/server architecture, new data center issues, outsourcing, a new highly strategic customer...
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Keywords:
Information Technology;
Information Infrastructure;
Applications and Software;
Organizational Design;
Problems and Challenges
Nolan, Richard L. "Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.: IT Organization and Architecture Challenges." Harvard Business School Case 196-017, August 1995.
- August 1995 (Revised September 1995)
- Background Note
Designing and Managing the Information Age IT Architecture
The co-evolution of technology, work, and the workforce over the past 30 years has dramatically influenced our concept of organizations and the industries within which they compete. No longer simply a tool to support "back-office" transactions, IT has become a...
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Applegate, Lynda M. "Designing and Managing the Information Age IT Architecture." Harvard Business School Background Note 196-005, August 1995. (Revised September 1995.)