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- April 2008 (Revised December 2008)
- Case
Leveraged Loans 2007
By: Andre F. Perold and Erik Stafford
The leveraged loan market was in a crisis during the summer of 2007, following many years of low realized volatility (less than 4% per annum), an index of leveraged loans had fallen over 5% in the month of July. A sudden drop in capital market prices for an asset class...
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Keywords:
History;
Financial Liquidity;
Investment;
Financial Crisis;
Market Transactions;
Disruption;
Decision Choices and Conditions;
Competitive Strategy;
Capital Markets;
Crisis Management;
Commercial Banking;
Banking Industry;
Financial Services Industry
Perold, Andre F., and Erik Stafford. "Leveraged Loans 2007." Harvard Business School Case 208-145, April 2008. (Revised December 2008.)
- October 2013 (Revised November 2018)
- Background Note
Note on the Leveraged Loan Market
This note provides an introduction to the process of loan syndication and the evolution of the leveraged loan market. The note emphasizes the role of banks as loan originators and the evolution of the institutional investors' entry into the leveraged loan market. In...
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Ivashina, Victoria. "Note on the Leveraged Loan Market." Harvard Business School Background Note 214-047, October 2013. (Revised November 2018.)
- April 2008
- Teaching Note
Leveraged Loans 2007 (TN)
By: Andre F. Perold and Erik Stafford
Teaching Note for 208-145.
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- 2024
- Working Paper
Weak Credit Covenants
By: Victoria Ivashina and Boris Vallée
Using novel data on 1,240 credit agreements from the leveraged loan market, we propose simple measures of contractual complexity based on clauses qualifying negative covenants. We document a high average level of contractual complexity and significant heterogeneity....
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Keywords:
Leveraged Loans;
Loan Contracts;
Debt Covenants;
Carve-out;
Creditor Governance;
LBO;
Credit;
Agreements and Arrangements;
Leveraged Buyouts
Ivashina, Victoria, and Boris Vallée. "Weak Credit Covenants." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 27316, June 2020. (Revise and Resubmit at Management Science.)
- January 2021 (Revised March 2021)
- Case
Juno (A): Leveraging Student Power
By: Joshua Schwartzstein, Kathleen L. McGinn and Amy Klopfenstein
In March 2020, Chris Abkarians and Nikhil Agarwal were in the midst of preparing the annual auction for their student loan assistance startup, Juno. Both current MBA students at Harvard Business School, the duo founded Juno in 2018 to leverage student bargaining power...
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Keywords:
Decision Making;
Decision Choices and Conditions;
Decisions;
Cost vs Benefits;
Education;
Higher Education;
Finance;
Borrowing and Debt;
Strategy;
Adaptation;
Alignment;
Negotiation;
Agreements and Arrangements;
Negotiation Participants;
Negotiation Process;
Negotiation Tactics;
Negotiation Deal;
Negotiation Offer;
Negotiation Types;
Financial Services Industry;
Education Industry;
North and Central America;
United States;
Massachusetts;
Boston
Schwartzstein, Joshua, Kathleen L. McGinn, and Amy Klopfenstein. "Juno (A): Leveraging Student Power." Harvard Business School Case 921-032, January 2021. (Revised March 2021.)
- August 2013 (Revised November 2013)
- Case
Gordon Brothers: Collateralizing Corporate Loans by Brands
By: Paul Healy and Maria Loumioti
The case explores the collateralization of intellectual property in a loan agreement between a highly leveraged apparel company and a large US bank. Leveraging intangibles in the credit market is a new practice that has significantly grown over the past few years....
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Healy, Paul, and Maria Loumioti. "Gordon Brothers: Collateralizing Corporate Loans by Brands." Harvard Business School Case 114-016, August 2013. (Revised November 2013.)
- October 2013 (Revised November 2013)
- Case
Blackstone and the Sale of Citigroup's Loan Portfolio
By: Victoria Ivashina and David Scharfstein
The credit boom that preceded the 2007-2009 financial crisis led to several lending practices that exposed banks to large risks. In particular, when the financial crisis unraveled, there were several billion dollars' worth of leveraged buyout (LBO) loans that were...
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Keywords:
Restructuring;
Private Equity;
Insolvency and Bankruptcy;
Credit Derivatives and Swaps;
Financial Markets;
Investment;
Banking Industry;
Financial Services Industry
Ivashina, Victoria, and David Scharfstein. "Blackstone and the Sale of Citigroup's Loan Portfolio." Harvard Business School Case 214-037, October 2013. (Revised November 2013.)
- January 2021 (Revised March 2021)
- Supplement
Juno (C): Leveraging Student Power
By: Joshua Schwartzstein, Kathleen L. McGinn and Amy Klopfenstein
In May 2020, Juno co-founders Chris Abkarians and Nikhil Agarwal decided to hold the annual auction for their student loan assistance startup. Five lenders submitted bids, and the co-founders ultimately opted to select Eager Bank as their partner for the 2020-2021...
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Keywords:
Decision Making;
Decision Choices and Conditions;
Decisions;
Cost vs Benefits;
Judgments;
Education;
Higher Education;
Finance;
Borrowing and Debt;
Strategy;
Adaptation;
Alignment;
Negotiation;
Agreements and Arrangements;
Negotiation Deal;
Negotiation Offer;
Negotiation Participants;
Negotiation Process;
Negotiation Tactics;
Negotiation Types;
Financial Services Industry;
Education Industry;
North and Central America;
United States;
Massachusetts;
Boston
Schwartzstein, Joshua, Kathleen L. McGinn, and Amy Klopfenstein. "Juno (C): Leveraging Student Power." Harvard Business School Supplement 921-034, January 2021. (Revised March 2021.)
- October 1988
- Case
Harris Seafoods Leveraged Buyout
Describes set of issues confronting Alison Lassiter, who is trying to help Charlie Harris arrange a leveraged buyout of the shrimp company he runs, a division of a publicly traded company, Katy Industries. Lassiter has prepared a memorandum discussing and analyzing the...
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Keywords:
Leveraged Buyouts;
Venture Capital;
Financing and Loans;
Equity;
Cost vs Benefits;
Negotiation Tactics;
Negotiation Preparation;
Financial Management;
Strategy;
Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques;
Planning;
Food and Beverage Industry;
Industrial Products Industry
Sahlman, William A. "Harris Seafoods Leveraged Buyout." Harvard Business School Case 289-019, October 1988.
- July 2011
- Article
The Private Equity Advantage: Leveraged Buyout Firms and Relationship Banking
By: Victoria Ivashina and Anna Kovner
This paper examines the impact of leveraged buyout firms' bank relationships on the terms of their syndicated loans. Using a sample of 1,590 loans financing private equity sponsored leveraged buyouts between 1993 and 2005, we find that bank relationships are an...
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Keywords:
Leveraged Buyouts;
Private Equity;
Banks and Banking;
Financing and Loans;
Interest Rates;
Investment Return;
Relationships;
Banking Industry;
Financial Services Industry
Ivashina, Victoria, and Anna Kovner. "The Private Equity Advantage: Leveraged Buyout Firms and Relationship Banking." Review of Financial Studies 24, no. 7 (July 2011): 2462–2498.
- March 2011
- Article
Institutional Demand Pressure and the Cost of Corporate Loans
By: Victoria Ivashina and Zheng Sun
Between 2001 and 2007, annual institutional funding in highly leveraged loans went up from $32 billion to $426 billion, accounting for nearly 70% of the jump in total syndicated loan issuance over the same period. Did the inflow of institutional funding in the...
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Keywords:
Leveraged Buyouts;
Financial Crisis;
Credit;
Debt Securities;
Financing and Loans;
Interest Rates;
Investment
Ivashina, Victoria, and Zheng Sun. "Institutional Demand Pressure and the Cost of Corporate Loans ." Journal of Financial Economics 99, no. 3 (March 2011): 500–522.
- October 2012
- Case
Harrah's Entertainment
By: Paul A. Gompers, Kristin Mugford and J. Daniel Kim
This case examines the issues of establishing and managing a capital structure for the leveraged buyout of Harrah's Entertainment.
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Keywords:
Leveraged Buyouts;
Debt Markets;
Loan Contracts;
Covenants;
Casinos;
Gaming;
Private Equity;
Entertainment and Recreation Industry;
United States
Gompers, Paul A., Kristin Mugford, and J. Daniel Kim. "Harrah's Entertainment." Harvard Business School Case 213-054, October 2012.
When a Pandemic Collides with a Leveraged Global Economy
This essay was submitted as comments in connection with the Federal Reserve Board’s corporate loan purchase facilities collectively called the Main Street Lending Program (“MSLP”.)
View Details- November 1989 (Revised March 2000)
- Case
Wisconsin Central Ltd. Railroad and Berkshire Partners (A): Leveraged Buyouts and Financial Distress
By: Michael C. Jensen, Willy Burkhardt and Brian Barry
Wisconsin Central Ltd. is a regional railroad formed in a leveraged buyout, which is currently in default on its loan covenants. The case uses this situation to examine the financial structure of a typical LBO association and its internal control mechanisms and...
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Keywords:
Financial Management;
Governing and Advisory Boards;
Leveraged Buyouts;
Financial Condition;
Financing and Loans;
Corporate Finance;
Rail Industry
Jensen, Michael C., Willy Burkhardt, and Brian Barry. "Wisconsin Central Ltd. Railroad and Berkshire Partners (A): Leveraged Buyouts and Financial Distress." Harvard Business School Case 190-062, November 1989. (Revised March 2000.)
- January 2000 (Revised October 2001)
- Case
@Hoc: Leveraging Israeli Technology in the United States
Describes @Hoc, an idea for an Internet software company, developed by two HBS MBA 1999 graduates, Guy Miasnik and Ly Tran. @Hoc's software, loaded into a browser, enables instant, context-sensitive information retrieval and shopping. @Hoc's R&D team is located in...
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Keywords:
Geographic Location;
Internet and the Web;
Applications and Software;
Financing and Loans;
Business Startups;
Information Technology Industry;
Israel;
Boston
Kuemmerle, Walter, and William J. Coughlin Jr. "@Hoc: Leveraging Israeli Technology in the United States." Harvard Business School Case 800-264, January 2000. (Revised October 2001.)
- Working Paper
Covenant-Light Contracts and Creditor Coordination
By: Bo Becker and Victoria Ivashina
In 2015, 70% of newly issued leveraged loans had weaker enforcement features, called covenant-light or "cov-lite"; this is nearly a three-time increase in cov-lite issuance compared to a previous peak in 2007. We evaluate whether this development can be attributed to...
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Keywords:
Credit Cycles;
Loan Contracts;
Debt Covenants;
Contracts;
Financing and Loans;
Credit;
Borrowing and Debt
Becker, Bo, and Victoria Ivashina. "Covenant-Light Contracts and Creditor Coordination." Swedish House of Finance Research Paper, No. 16-09, March 2016.
- 2021
- Working Paper
Nonbank Lending and Credit Cyclicality
By: Quirin Fleckenstein, Manasa Gopal, German Gutierrez and Sebastian Hillenbrand
We document three facts about nonbank lending in the syndicated loan market. First, nonbank lending is more than twice as cyclical as bank lending. Second, declines in nonbank lending explain most of the declines in syndicated lending during the Great Recession and...
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Keywords:
Nonbank Lending;
Credit Cycles;
CLO;
Mutual Funds;
Leveraged Lending;
COVID-19;
Great Migration;
Non-bank Financial Institutions;
Financing and Loans;
Business Cycles
Fleckenstein, Quirin, Manasa Gopal, German Gutierrez, and Sebastian Hillenbrand. "Nonbank Lending and Credit Cyclicality." Working Paper, June 2021.
- November 2017
- Article
Credit-Induced Boom and Bust
By: Marco Di Maggio and Amir Kermani
Can a credit expansion induce a boom and bust in house prices and real economic activity? This paper exploits the federal preemption of national banks in 2004 from local laws against predatory lending to gauge the effect of the supply of credit on the real economy....
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Keywords:
Great Recession;
Subprime;
Credit Supply;
Credit Expansion;
Household Leverage;
Household Debt;
Preemption Rule;
Mortgages;
Laws and Statutes;
Credit;
Household;
Borrowing and Debt;
Economic Slowdown and Stagnation
Di Maggio, Marco, and Amir Kermani. "Credit-Induced Boom and Bust." Review of Financial Studies 30, no. 11 (November 2017): 3711–3758. (Lead article and Editor's choice
Winner of the 2018 RFS Rising Scholar Award.)
- 2019
- Working Paper
Do Banks Have an Edge?
By: Juliane Begenau and Erik Stafford
Overall, no! We show that the level and time series variation in cash flows for most bank activities are well matched by capital market portfolios with similar interest rate and credit risk to what banks report to hold. Ignoring operating expenses, bank loans earn high...
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Keywords:
Banks;
Market Efficiency;
Bank Capital;
Bank Debt;
CAPM;
Banking;
Bank Deposits;
Bank Funding Advantage;
Leverage;
Maturity Transformation;
Replicating Portfolio;
Efficiency;
Banks and Banking;
Capital Markets;
Performance Evaluation;
Performance Efficiency;
Banking Industry;
United States
Begenau, Juliane, and Erik Stafford. "Do Banks Have an Edge?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-060, January 2018. (Revised October 2019.)
- February 1997 (Revised December 2012)
- Case
Jim Sharpe: Extrusion Technology, Inc. (A)
By: H. Kent Bowen and Barbara Feinberg
Jim Sharpe, 11 years after receiving his MBA from Harvard and working for others, has finally become his own boss and 100% owner of manufacturer of aluminum extrusions. After 10 months of an unfunded search, he acquires the business in an LBO and prepares to face his...
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Keywords:
Acquisitions;
Search Funds;
Entrepreneurial Management;
Entrepreneurs;
Turnarounds;
Bank Loan;
Manufacturing;
Metals Processing;
Entrepreneurial Finance;
Leveraged Buyouts;
Labor Unions;
Entrepreneurship;
Financing and Loans;
Crisis Management;
Management Skills;
Experience and Expertise;
Borrowing and Debt;
Manufacturing Industry
Bowen, H. Kent, and Barbara Feinberg. "Jim Sharpe: Extrusion Technology, Inc. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 697-078, February 1997. (Revised December 2012.)