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All HBS Web
(9,922)
- People (22)
- News (1,483)
- Research (6,928)
- Events (72)
- Multimedia (58)
- Faculty Publications (5,399)
- October 2000 (Revised March 2004)
- Background Note
Variance Analysis and Flexible Budgeting
By: Robert S. Kaplan
Facilitates the teaching of cases on variance analysis and flexible budgeting. Uses algebra, diagrams, and numerical examples to illustrate the calculation of price, quantity, and mix variances for revenues and costs, and a flexible budget for analyzing indirect and...
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Kaplan, Robert S. "Variance Analysis and Flexible Budgeting." Harvard Business School Background Note 101-039, October 2000. (Revised March 2004.)
- 01 Mar 2023
- News
The Latest Model
firm. “We are engaged regularly to do simulations, mathematical modeling—stuff that wouldn’t look out of place in a dissertation chapter,” Hurder says. For example, EY hired Prysm to model whether blockchain could add value to public...
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- February 2010 (Revised March 2016)
- Background Note
Marketing Analysis Toolkit: Break-even Analysis
By: Thomas J. Steenburgh and Jill Avery
Marketing managers are often called upon to make recommendations for or against programs that cost money to implement. Before expenditures are made, managers want to be sure that they will be getting a return on their investment. One way of assessing this is by...
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Keywords:
Decision Making;
Investment Return;
Spending;
Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques;
Marketing Strategy;
Strategic Planning;
Mathematical Methods
Steenburgh, Thomas J., and Jill Avery. "Marketing Analysis Toolkit: Break-even Analysis." Harvard Business School Background Note 510-080, February 2010. (Revised March 2016.)
- 2018
- Simulation
Financial Analysis Simulation: Data Detective
By: Suraj Srinivasan and V.G. Narayanan
In this simulation, students learn to identify typical industry characteristics revealed in financial data. Equipped with an interactive and flexible set of tools, students analyze disguised financials and—using their knowledge of operational practices and reasoning...
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Keywords:
Financial Analysis;
Financial Accounting;
Financial Ratios;
Accounting;
Financial Statements;
Analysis
Srinivasan, Suraj, and V.G. Narayanan. "Financial Analysis Simulation: Data Detective." Core Curriculum Readings Series. Simulation and Teaching Note. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing 8742, 2018. Electronic.
- February 2010
- Background Note
Marketing Analysis Toolkit: Situation Analysis
By: Thomas J. Steenburgh and Jill Avery
Before managers can begin to formulate marketing strategies for their businesses, they must have a strong understanding of the internal and external marketing environments in which they are operating. In this note, we present three methods for collecting and analyzing...
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Keywords:
Five Forces Framework;
SWOT Analysis;
Marketing Strategy;
Demand and Consumers;
Industry Structures;
Strategic Planning
Steenburgh, Thomas J., and Jill Avery. "Marketing Analysis Toolkit: Situation Analysis." Harvard Business School Background Note 510-079, February 2010.
- 06 Oct 2020
- Working Paper Summaries
Design and Analysis of Switchback Experiments
- 2023
- Working Paper
Auditing Predictive Models for Intersectional Biases
By: Kate S. Boxer, Edward McFowland III and Daniel B. Neill
Predictive models that satisfy group fairness criteria in aggregate for members of a protected class, but do not guarantee subgroup fairness, could produce biased predictions for individuals at the intersection of two or more protected classes. To address this risk, we...
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Boxer, Kate S., Edward McFowland III, and Daniel B. Neill. "Auditing Predictive Models for Intersectional Biases." Working Paper, June 2023.
- February 2018 (Revised June 2021)
- Case
New Constructs: Disrupting Fundamental Analysis with Robo-Analysts
By: Charles C.Y. Wang and Kyle Thomas
This case highlights the business challenges associated with a financial technology firm, New Constructs, that created a technology that can quickly parse complicated public firm financials to paint a clearer economic picture of firms, remove accounting distortions,...
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Keywords:
Fundamental Analysis;
Machine Learning;
Robo-analysts;
Financial Statements;
Financial Reporting;
Analysis;
Information Technology;
Accounting Industry;
Financial Services Industry;
Information Technology Industry;
North America;
Tennessee
Wang, Charles C.Y., and Kyle Thomas. "New Constructs: Disrupting Fundamental Analysis with Robo-Analysts." Harvard Business School Case 118-068, February 2018. (Revised June 2021.)
- January 2018 (Revised July 2020)
- Technical Note
Short Note on Relative Cost Analysis
By: Eric Van den Steen and Dennis Yao
This note provides a very concise (2 page) introduction to relative cost analysis, with a simple example.
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Van den Steen, Eric, and Dennis Yao. "Short Note on Relative Cost Analysis." Harvard Business School Technical Note 718-485, January 2018. (Revised July 2020.)
- June 2018
- Background Note
Valuation Techniques in Private Equity: LBO Model
By: Victoria Ivashina, Alexey Tuzikov and Abhijit Tagade
This note introduces an "LBO model," the main performance assessment and valuation technique used in the private equity industry.
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Ivashina, Victoria, Alexey Tuzikov, and Abhijit Tagade. "Valuation Techniques in Private Equity: LBO Model." Harvard Business School Background Note 218-106, June 2018.
- 2022
- Working Paper
The Evolution of ESG Reports and the Role of Voluntary Standards
By: Ethan Rouen, Kunal Sachdeva and Aaron Yoon
We examine the evolution of ESG reports of S&P 500 firms from 2010 to 2021. The
percentage of firms releasing these voluntary disclosures increased from 35% to 86%
during this period, although the length of these documents experienced more modest
growth. Using a...
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Keywords:
Voluntary Disclosure;
Textual Analysis;
Modeling And Analysis;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
AI and Machine Learning;
Accounting
Rouen, Ethan, Kunal Sachdeva, and Aaron Yoon. "The Evolution of ESG Reports and the Role of Voluntary Standards." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-024, October 2022.
- 2024
- Conference Paper
Quantifying Uncertainty in Natural Language Explanations of Large Language Models
By: Himabindu Lakkaraju, Sree Harsha Tanneru and Chirag Agarwal
Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as powerful tools for several
high-stakes natural language processing (NLP) applications. Recent prompting
works claim to elicit intermediate reasoning steps and key tokens that serve as
proxy explanations for LLM...
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Lakkaraju, Himabindu, Sree Harsha Tanneru, and Chirag Agarwal. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Natural Language Explanations of Large Language Models." Paper presented at the Society for Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, 2024.
- 2006
- Book
Service Productivity Management: Improving Service Performance Using Data Envelopment Analysis
By: H. David Sherman and Joe Zhu
Here is an in-depth guide to the most powerful available benchmarking technique for improving service organization performance—Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The book outlines DEA as a benchmarking technique, identifies high cost service units, isolates specific...
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Sherman, H. David, and Joe Zhu. Service Productivity Management: Improving Service Performance Using Data Envelopment Analysis. Boston, MA: Springer, 2006.
- 2007
- Text Book
Business Analysis and Valuation: Using Financial Statements
By: Paul M. Healy and Krishna G. Palepu
Financial statements are the basis for a wide range of business analysis. Managers, securities analysts, bankers, and consultants all use them to make business decisions. There is strong demand among business students for course materials that provide a framework for...
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Healy, Paul M., and Krishna G. Palepu. Business Analysis and Valuation: Using Financial Statements. 4th ed. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western, 2007.
- December 1999 (Revised November 2010)
- Background Note
Inflation Accounting and Analysis
By: David F. Hawkins
Describes alternative approaches to accounting for business activities during periods of inflation. Presents hints and techniques for analyzing financial statements during inflationary periods. A rewritten version of an earlier note.
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Hawkins, David F. "Inflation Accounting and Analysis." Harvard Business School Background Note 100-063, December 1999. (Revised November 2010.)
- December 1999 (Revised March 2001)
- Background Note
Lease Accounting and Analysis
By: David F. Hawkins
Discusses global accounting for leases by lessees and lessors with emphasis on U.S. lease accounting standards. A rewritten version of an earlier note.
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Hawkins, David F. "Lease Accounting and Analysis." Harvard Business School Background Note 100-003, December 1999. (Revised March 2001.)
- Fast Answer
Tax news and analysis
Multimedia Center platforms, and Statements and Announcements of the IRS. Tax Policy Center (TPC): News and analysis from this joint venture of the Urban Institute...
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Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models
This paper provides the first formal model of business model innovation. Our analysis focuses on sponsor-based business model innovations where a firm monetizes its product through sponsors rather than setting prices to its customer base. We analyze strategic...
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- Article
Reliable Post hoc Explanations: Modeling Uncertainty in Explainability
By: Dylan Slack, Sophie Hilgard, Sameer Singh and Himabindu Lakkaraju
As black box explanations are increasingly being employed to establish model credibility in high stakes settings, it is important to ensure that these explanations are accurate and reliable. However, prior work demonstrates that explanations generated by...
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Keywords:
Black Box Explanations;
Bayesian Modeling;
Decision Making;
Risk and Uncertainty;
Information Technology
Slack, Dylan, Sophie Hilgard, Sameer Singh, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "Reliable Post hoc Explanations: Modeling Uncertainty in Explainability." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) 34 (2021).
- May 1985
- Background Note
Inventory Pricing and Analysis
By: David F. Hawkins
Keywords:
Price
Hawkins, David F. "Inventory Pricing and Analysis." Harvard Business School Background Note 185-009, May 1985.