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All HBS Web
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- Faculty Publications (179)
- Working Paper
Rebates in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Evidence from Medicines Sold in Retail Pharmacies in the U.S.
By: Pragya Kakani, Michael Chernew and Amitabh Chandra
Rising list prices are often used to illustrate the burden of prescription drug spending, but payers routinely negotiate rebates from manufacturers that generate differences between list and net prices. List prices are easily available and affect patient cost-sharing,...
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Keywords:
Pharmaceuticals;
Rebates;
Health Care and Treatment;
Markets;
Price;
Analysis;
Pharmaceutical Industry
Kakani, Pragya, Michael Chernew, and Amitabh Chandra. "Rebates in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Evidence from Medicines Sold in Retail Pharmacies in the U.S." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 26846, March 2020.
- January 2020
- Article
The Long-Run Dynamics of Electricity Demand: Evidence from Municipal Aggregation
By: Tatyana Deryugina, Alexander MacKay and Julian Reif
We study the dynamics of residential electricity demand by exploiting a natural experiment that produced large and long-lasting price changes in over 250 Illinois communities. Using a flexible difference-in-differences matching approach, we estimate that the price...
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Keywords:
Electricity Demand;
Consumption Dynamics;
Energy;
Policy;
Demand and Consumers;
Price;
Mathematical Methods
Deryugina, Tatyana, Alexander MacKay, and Julian Reif. "The Long-Run Dynamics of Electricity Demand: Evidence from Municipal Aggregation." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 12, no. 1 (January 2020): 86–114.
- 2020
- Working Paper
Cutting the Gordian Knot of Employee Health Care Benefits and Costs: A Corporate Model Built on Employee Choice
By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Barak D. Richman
The U.S. employer-based health insurance tax exclusion created a system of employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) with limited insurance choices and transparency that may lock employed households into health plans that are costlier or different from those they prefer to...
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Keywords:
After-tax Income;
Consumer-driven Health Care;
Health Care Costs;
Health Insurance;
Income Inequality;
Tax Policy;
Health Care and Treatment;
Cost;
Insurance;
Employees;
Income;
Taxation;
Policy;
United States
Herzlinger, Regina E., and Barak D. Richman. "Cutting the Gordian Knot of Employee Health Care Benefits and Costs: A Corporate Model Built on Employee Choice." Duke Law School Public Law & Legal Theory Series, No. 2020-4, December 2019. (Revised January 2021.)
- December 2019
- Article
Invest in Information or Wing It? A Model of Dynamic Pricing with Seller Learning
By: Guofang Huang, Hong Luo and Jing Xia
Pricing idiosyncratic products is often challenging because the seller, ex ante, lacks information about the demand for individual items. This paper develops a model of dynamic pricing for idiosyncratic products that features the optimal stopping structure and a seller...
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Keywords:
Dynamic Pricing;
Idiosyncratic Products;
Item-specific Demand;
Demand Uncertainty;
Active Seller Learning;
The Value Of Information;
Price;
Information;
Value;
Learning
Huang, Guofang, Hong Luo, and Jing Xia. "Invest in Information or Wing It? A Model of Dynamic Pricing with Seller Learning." Management Science 65, no. 12 (December 2019): 5556–5583.
- 2019
- Working Paper
Thinking Outside the Box (12): The Benefits of Increased Transparency in Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance for the 180 Million Insured
By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Barak D. Richman
Economists have long noted that the tax exclusion of employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) caused workers to purchase health plans that differ in price and other characteristics from those they would otherwise choose for themselves. We explore the short-term and long-term...
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Keywords:
After-tax Income;
Consumer-driven Health Care;
Health Care Costs;
Health Insurance;
Income Inequality;
Tax Policy;
Health Care and Treatment;
Cost;
Insurance;
Income;
Equality and Inequality;
Taxation;
Policy;
United States
Herzlinger, Regina E., and Barak D. Richman. "Thinking Outside the Box (12): The Benefits of Increased Transparency in Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance for the 180 Million Insured." Duke Law School Public Law & Legal Theory Series, No. 2020-4, December 2019.
- October 2019 (Revised October 2019)
- Case
Epic Games
By: Andy Wu and Christopher Zhang
Epic Games entered a stagnant market with its PC-games digital storefront in 2018, in the context of incumbent competitors such as Steam, its meteoric rise via Fortnite, and imminent industry shifts in gaming distribution. On the surface, Epic Games Store’s competitive...
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Keywords:
Industry Analysis;
Video Games;
Platforms;
Comparative Advantage;
Growth Strategy;
Innovation Focused Strategy;
Pricing Strategy;
Strategy;
Competition;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Innovation Strategy;
Games, Gaming, and Gambling;
Digital Platforms;
Technology Industry
Wu, Andy, and Christopher Zhang. "Epic Games." Harvard Business School Case 720-380, October 2019. (Revised October 2019.)
- 2020
- Working Paper
Tariff Passthrough at the Border and at the Store: Evidence from U.S. Trade Policy
By: Alberto Cavallo, Gita Gopinath, Brent Neiman and Jenny Tang
We use micro data collected at the border and the store to characterize the price impact of recent US trade policy on importers, exporters, and consumers. At the border, import tariff passthrough is much higher than exchange rate passthrough. Chinese exporters did not...
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Keywords:
Trade Policy;
Tariffs;
Exchange Rate Passthrough;
Economics;
Trade;
Policy;
Inflation and Deflation;
United States;
China
Cavallo, Alberto, Gita Gopinath, Brent Neiman, and Jenny Tang. "Tariff Passthrough at the Border and at the Store: Evidence from U.S. Trade Policy." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 26396, October 2019. (Revised June 2020. Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-041, October 2019)
- September 2019
- Case
Clean Energy for the Future
By: Richard H.K. Vietor and Howaida Kamel
This is an industry note on renewable energy – wind, solar, governmental incentives and storage. It covers the recent history of both the wind and solar industries, an extensive look at governmental policies in the United States, including the Green New Deal, and...
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Keywords:
Green New Deal;
Renewable Energy;
Energy Policy;
Industry Growth;
Supply and Industry;
Price;
Motivation and Incentives;
Energy Industry;
Green Technology Industry;
United States
Vietor, Richard H.K., and Howaida Kamel. "Clean Energy for the Future." Harvard Business School Case 720-003, September 2019.
- June 2019
- Case
The Shale Revolution: America's Energy Independence?
By: Richard H.K. Vietor and Howaida Kamel
The shale revolution has upended oil and gas markets for nearly a decade and has positioned the U.S. to become a net energy exporter by 2020. Technological improvements pushed productivity forward which has had positive overall positive affects for the U.S. economy....
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- March 2019 (Revised April 2021)
- Case
The DivaCup: Navigating Distribution and Growth
By: Ayelet Israeli
When the mother-daughter founders of DivaCup set out with a mission to disrupt the menstrual care industry with an innovative product form, they initially struggled to gain legitimacy and convince retailers to carry their unique product. Fifteen years later, the...
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Keywords:
Female;
Female Ceo;
Female Entrepreneur;
Female Protagonist;
Health & Wellness;
Healthcare;
Price Policies;
Minimum Advertised Price;
Differentiation;
Positioning;
Growth;
Health;
Health Care and Treatment;
Price;
Disruption;
Distribution;
Distribution Channels;
Competitive Strategy;
Competition;
Growth Management;
Mission and Purpose;
Product Development;
Product Marketing;
Product Launch;
Product Positioning;
Advertising;
Business Startups;
Internet and the Web;
Entrepreneurship;
Social Entrepreneurship;
Social Issues;
Social Enterprise;
Retail Industry;
Medical Devices and Supplies Industry;
Manufacturing Industry;
Health Industry;
Green Technology Industry;
Education Industry;
Distribution Industry;
Consumer Products Industry;
Canada;
United States;
United Kingdom
Israeli, Ayelet. "The DivaCup: Navigating Distribution and Growth." Harvard Business School Case 519-055, March 2019. (Revised April 2021.)
- September–October 2018
- Article
Online MAP Enforcement: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment
By: Ayelet Israeli
This paper investigates a manufacturer’s ability to influence compliance rates among its authorized online retailers by exploiting changes in the Minimum Advertised Price (MAP) policy and in dealer agreements. MAP is a pricing policy widely used by manufacturers to...
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Keywords:
Pricing Policies;
Pricing;
Channel Management;
Legal Aspects Of Business;
Retail;
Price;
Policy;
Governance Compliance;
Distribution Channels;
Management;
Retail Industry
Israeli, Ayelet. "Online MAP Enforcement: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment." Marketing Science 37, no. 5 (September–October 2018): 710–732.
- 2018
- Working Paper
Opportunistic Returns and Dynamic Pricing: Empirical Evidence from Online Retailing in Emerging Markets
By: Chaithanya Bandi, Antonio Moreno, Donald Ngwe and Zhiji Xu
We investigate how dynamic pricing can lead to more product returns in the online retail industry. Using detailed sales data of more than two million transactions from the Indian online retail market, where price promotions are very common, we document two types of...
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Keywords:
Cash On Delivery;
Dynamic Pricing;
Online Retail;
Payment Methods;
Strategic Customer Behavior;
Opportunistic Returns;
Price;
Policy;
Consumer Behavior;
Emerging Markets;
Retail Industry
Bandi, Chaithanya, Antonio Moreno, Donald Ngwe, and Zhiji Xu. "Opportunistic Returns and Dynamic Pricing: Empirical Evidence from Online Retailing in Emerging Markets." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-030, September 2018.
- September 2018 (Revised January 2020)
- Case
Apple Pay and Mobile Payments in Australia (A)
By: Feng Zhu, Susan Athey and David Lane
In summer 2016, four of Australia’s top five banks petitioned regulators for permission to bargain collectively with Apple over the terms under which they would support its digital wallet, Apple Pay. They argued that doing so would force concessions from Apple that...
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Keywords:
Payment Methods;
Mobile Payment;
Apple;
Banks and Banking;
Cooperation;
Problems and Challenges;
Policy;
Digital Platforms;
Banking Industry;
Australia
Zhu, Feng, Susan Athey, and David Lane. "Apple Pay and Mobile Payments in Australia (A)." Harvard Business School Case 619-010, September 2018. (Revised January 2020.)
- August 2018
- Article
The Impact of the Entry of Biosimilars: Evidence from Europe
By: Fiona M. Scott Morton, Ariel Dora Stern and Scott Stern
Biologics represent a substantial and growing share of the U.S. drug market. Traditional “small molecule” generics quickly erode the price and share of the branded product upon entry; however, only a few biosimilars have been approved in the U.S. since 2015, thereby...
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Keywords:
Health Care;
Biosimilars;
Biologics;
Pharmaceutical Competition;
Healthcare Spending;
Innovation;
Health Care and Treatment;
Spending;
Market Entry and Exit;
Competition;
Innovation and Invention;
Pharmaceutical Industry;
United States;
Europe
Scott Morton, Fiona M., Ariel Dora Stern, and Scott Stern. "The Impact of the Entry of Biosimilars: Evidence from Europe." Review of Industrial Organization 53, no. 1 (August 2018): 173–210.
- June 2018
- Case
American Airlines' Value Pricing (Abridged)
By: Alvin J. Silk and Sunil Gupta
This is an abridged version of the 1992 case where American Airlines (AA) launched "Value Pricing" in an attempt to simplify the pricing structure of the airline industry. AA expected that this plan would benefit not only consumers, but also AA and the entire airline...
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Keywords:
Consumer Marketing;
Market Segmentation;
Pricing;
Pricing Strategy;
Demand Analysis;
Competition;
Marketing;
Segmentation;
Price;
Strategy;
Demand and Consumers;
Analysis;
Air Transportation Industry
Silk, Alvin J., and Sunil Gupta. "American Airlines' Value Pricing (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 519-019, June 2018.
- June 2018
- Background Note
Introduction to Life Settlements
By: Alexander Braun, Lauren H. Cohen, Christopher J. Malloy and Jiahua Xu
Life insurance is an asset owned by the majority of American adults (61%). Note that this 61% penetration rate is essentially at parity with home ownership (64%) and higher than that of 401(k) retirement account ownership (53%). Life settlements, or life insurance...
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Braun, Alexander, Lauren H. Cohen, Christopher J. Malloy, and Jiahua Xu. "Introduction to Life Settlements." Harvard Business School Background Note 218-127, June 2018.
- Working Paper
The Long-Run Dynamics of Electricity Demand: Evidence from Municipal Aggregation
By: Tatyana Deryugina, Alexander MacKay and Julian Reif
Economic theory suggests that demand is more elastic in the long run relative to the short run, but evidence on the empirical relevance of this phenomenon is scarce. We study the dynamics of residential electricity demand by exploiting price variation arising from a...
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Deryugina, Tatyana, Alexander MacKay, and Julian Reif. "The Long-Run Dynamics of Electricity Demand: Evidence from Municipal Aggregation." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 23483, October 2017.
- July 2017 (Revised November 2017)
- Case
Media Markets Down South: Goldman Sachs' Investment in Grupo Clarín
By: Rafael Di Tella, Jose Liberti and Sarah McAra
Founded in 1945, Grupo Clarín expanded over several decades to become Argentina’s largest media conglomerate. With leading positions in newspapers, broadcast television, broadcast radio, cable television, and Internet services, Grupo Clarín caught the attention of...
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Keywords:
Media;
Business and Government Relations;
Risk and Uncertainty;
Initial Public Offering;
Investment;
Journalism and News Industry;
Media and Broadcasting Industry;
Argentina
Di Tella, Rafael, Jose Liberti, and Sarah McAra. "Media Markets Down South: Goldman Sachs' Investment in Grupo Clarín." Harvard Business School Case 718-007, July 2017. (Revised November 2017.)
- July 2017
- Article
Inflation Expectations, Learning, and Supermarket Prices: Evidence from Survey Experiments
By: Alberto Cavallo, Guillermo Cruces and Ricardo Perez-Truglia
Information frictions play a central role in the formation of household inflation expectations, but there is no consensus about their origins. We address this question with novel evidence from survey experiments. We document two main findings. First, individuals in...
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Keywords:
Inflation Expectations;
Survey Experiment;
Rational Inattention;
Supermarkets;
Macroeconomics;
Household;
Inflation and Deflation;
Policy
Cavallo, Alberto, Guillermo Cruces, and Ricardo Perez-Truglia. "Inflation Expectations, Learning, and Supermarket Prices: Evidence from Survey Experiments." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 9, no. 3 (July 2017): 1–35.
- 2017
- Chapter
Innovation Policies
By: Ramana Nanda and Matthew Rhodes-Kropf
Past work has shown that failure tolerance by principals has the potential to stimulate innovation, but has not examined how this affects which projects principals will start. We demonstrate that failure tolerance has an equilibrium price – in terms of an investor’s...
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Keywords:
Innovation;
Investing;
Abandonment Option;
Failure Tolerance;
Innovation and Invention;
Venture Capital;
Attitudes;
Investment;
Failure
Nanda, Ramana, and Matthew Rhodes-Kropf. "Innovation Policies." In Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Platforms. Vol. 37, edited by Jeffrey Furman, Annabelle Gawer, Brian Silverman, and Scott Stern, 37–80. Advances in Strategic Management. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2017.