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    • Faculty Publications  (18)

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    • All HBS Web  (84)
      • Faculty Publications  (18)

      Quotas Remove Quotas →

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      • April 2021
      • Article

      The Effects of Quota Frequency: Sales Performance and Product Focus

      By: Doug J. Chung, Das Narayandas and Dongkyu Chang
      This study investigates the comprehensive and multidimensional effects of quota (goal) frequency on sales force performance. We develop a theory of salespeople’s behavior—aggregate effort and the product type focus—in response to the temporal length of a sales-quota...  View Details
      Keywords: Sales Force Compensation; Field Experiment; Quotas; Quota Frequency; Commissions; Bonuses; Goals; Salesforce Management; Compensation and Benefits; Goals and Objectives; Behavior; Performance
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      Chung, Doug J., Das Narayandas, and Dongkyu Chang. "The Effects of Quota Frequency: Sales Performance and Product Focus." Management Science 67, no. 4 (April 2021): 2151–2170.
      • July 2020
      • Background Note

      Gender Diversity on Boards: Views from Norway

      By: Aiyesha Dey
      The issue of gender diversity on boards has received increased attention in U.S markets over the past few years. In 2018, California introduced a law which required boards of U.S-listed firms with headquarters in California to include at least one female director by...  View Details
      Keywords: Board Of Directors; Board Decisions; Gender; Diversity; Governing and Advisory Boards; Norway; United States
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      Dey, Aiyesha. "Gender Diversity on Boards: Views from Norway." Harvard Business School Background Note 120-065, July 2020.
      • March 2020 (Revised October 2020)
      • Module Note

      Sales Force Compensation

      By: Doug J. Chung
      The author developed this note for scholars, educators, and practitioners that are interested in sales force compensation. It is based on the author’s investigations across a variety of organizations in multiple industries and provides a conceptual framework for the...  View Details
      Keywords: Sales Strategy; Sales Force Management; Sales Compensation; Salary; Commissions; Bonuses; Quota Setting/updating; Quota Frequency; Extrinsic Vs Intrinsic Motivation; Salesforce Management; Compensation and Benefits; Strategy
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      Chung, Doug J. "Sales Force Compensation." Harvard Business School Module Note 520-084, March 2020. (Revised October 2020.)
      • February 2019
      • Article

      The Ethnic Migrant Inventor Effect: Codification and Recombination of Knowledge Across Borders

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury and Do Yoon Kim
      Ethnic migrant inventors may differ from locals in terms of the knowledge they bring to host firms. We study the role of first-generation ethnic migrant inventors in cross-border transfer of knowledge previously locked within the cultural context of their home regions....  View Details
      Keywords: Skilled Migration; Ethnic Migration; First-generation Migrant; Cultural Context; Knowledge Flows; Knowledge Reuse; Knowledge Recombination; Recombinant Creation; H1B Visas; Knowledge Sharing; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Knowledge Dissemination; Immigration; Ethnicity; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj, and Do Yoon Kim. "The Ethnic Migrant Inventor Effect: Codification and Recombination of Knowledge Across Borders." Strategic Management Journal 40, no. 2 (February 2019): 203–229.
      • January 2019 (Revised February 2020)
      • Case

      Roush Performance: How to Design a Sales Force Compensation Plan

      By: Doug J. Chung
      Roush Performance manufactured and marketed factory-modified performance vehicles and high-end aftermarket automotive performance parts. Since its inception, Roush Performance had focused on building its engineering technology competency and diversifying its product...  View Details
      Keywords: Sales Force Management; Motivation; Compensation; Salary; Commissions; Bonuses; Quotas; Salesforce Management; Compensation and Benefits; Motivation and Incentives
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      Chung, Doug J. "Roush Performance: How to Design a Sales Force Compensation Plan." Harvard Business School Case 519-066, January 2019. (Revised February 2020.)
      • September 12, 2017
      • Article

      What's the Right Kind of Bonus to Motivate Your Sales Force?

      By: Doug J. Chung and Das Narayandas
      Companies typically compensate their sales force by using some combination of salary, commission, and bonuses, but executives are often unsure which incentives provide the best motivation. Should bonuses be tied to quotas or should they be given unconditionally? Is it...  View Details
      Keywords: Compensation and Benefits; Motivation and Incentives; Salesforce Management
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      Chung, Doug J., and Das Narayandas. "What's the Right Kind of Bonus to Motivate Your Sales Force?" Harvard Business Review (website) (September 12, 2017).
      • August 22, 2017
      • Article

      Find the Right Metrics for Your Sales Team

      By: Frank V. Cespedes and Robert Marsh
      This article reports the results of a survey of key performance indicators (KPIs) used by more than 800 sales groups across industries. The most common KPIs are closed deals and salesperson performance against quota, which, on average, firms measure monthly. But a...  View Details
      Keywords: Sales; Performance Evaluation; Measurement and Metrics; Salesforce Management
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      Cespedes, Frank V., and Robert Marsh. "Find the Right Metrics for Your Sales Team." Harvard Business Review (website) (August 22, 2017).
      • Article

      Study: More Frequent Sales Quotas Help Volume but Hurt Profits

      By: Doug J. Chung and Das Narayandas
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      Chung, Doug J., and Das Narayandas. "Study: More Frequent Sales Quotas Help Volume but Hurt Profits." Harvard Business Review (website) (August 14, 2017).
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      Intellectual Baggage of Ethnic Migrant Inventors: Transfer and Recombination of Knowledge Across Borders

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury
      Ethnic migrant inventors might differ from locals in terms of knowledge they bring to host firms. We study the role of first-generation ethnic migrant inventors in cross-border transfer of knowledge previously locked within the cultural context of their home regions....  View Details
      Keywords: Skilled Migration; Ethnic Migration; First-generation Migrant; Cultural Context; Knowledge Flows; Knowledge Reuse; Knowledge Recombination; Recombinant Creation; H1B Visas; Knowledge Sharing; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Knowledge Dissemination; Immigration; Ethnicity
      Citation
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj. "Intellectual Baggage of Ethnic Migrant Inventors: Transfer and Recombination of Knowledge Across Borders." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-069, January 2017. (Revised January 2018.)
      • Article

      How to Really Motivate Salespeople

      By: Doug J. Chung
      Much of what we believe about the best ways to compensate and motivate the sales force is based on theory and lab experiments. But in the past decade, researchers have been moving out of the lab and into the field, analyzing companies' sales and pay data, and...  View Details
      Keywords: Compensation; Motivating People; Motivation and Incentives; Compensation and Benefits; Sales
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      Chung, Doug J. "How to Really Motivate Salespeople." Harvard Business Review 93, no. 4 (April 2015): 54–61.
      • September 2011 (Revised November 2011)
      • Case

      Liberté, Égalité, Sororité: How Should France Achieve Boardroom Parité?

      By: Boris Groysberg and Hilary Fischer-Groban
      The French government is considering mandating a gender quota for corporate boards. Other countries have approached the question of gender equity in corporate governance in various ways; which model might best work for France?  View Details
      Keywords: Equality and Inequality; Governing and Advisory Boards; Gender; Corporate Governance; France
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      Groysberg, Boris, and Hilary Fischer-Groban. "Liberté, Égalité, Sororité: How Should France Achieve Boardroom Parité?" Harvard Business School Case 412-061, September 2011. (Revised November 2011.)
      • April 2011 (Revised December 2013)
      • Case

      Boardroom Change in Norway

      By: Jay W. Lorsch and Melissa Barton
      In 2003, the Norwegian Parliament amended the Public Limited Companies Act in order to achieve greater representation of women on corporate boards. According to the amendment, all state-owned companies and public limited companies were required to have at least 40%...  View Details
      Keywords: Laws and Statutes; Gender; Corporate Governance; Norway
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      Lorsch, Jay W., and Melissa Barton. "Boardroom Change in Norway." Harvard Business School Case 411-089, April 2011. (Revised December 2013.)
      • October 1996 (Revised September 2007)
      • Case

      Chiquita Brands International (A)

      By: Debora L. Spar
      When a new banana import policy is implemented in 1993 by the European Union, Chiquita Brands International, the world's largest banana distributor, watches its sales and net income plummet. The policy, Council Regulation (EEC 404/93), uses a new tariff and quota...  View Details
      Keywords: Plant-Based Agribusiness; Trade; Government and Politics; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Latin America; European Union
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      Spar, Debora L., and Terence Mulligan. "Chiquita Brands International (A)." Harvard Business School Case 797-015, October 1996. (Revised September 2007.)
      • May 1993 (Revised May 1994)
      • Case

      Managing for Integrity: Three Vignettes

      By: Lynn S. Paine
      Three situations are described. A branch manager for a retail brokerage firm must decide whether to change the branch's cash management techniques to increase interest earnings. An auto mechanic must decide whether to oversell parts and repairs to meet sales and...  View Details
      Keywords: Growth Management; Ethics; Decision Making; Organizational Culture; Financial Management; Sales; Organizational Change and Adaptation
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      Paine, Lynn S. "Managing for Integrity: Three Vignettes." Harvard Business School Case 393-154, May 1993. (Revised May 1994.)
      • April 1992 (Revised February 1993)
      • Supplement

      Otis South Africa (B)

      By: Michael Beer
      Covers a June 1990 Social Responsibility Conference held by George David to evaluate the progress of his new management team in increasing the pace of nonwhite advancement. The U.S. CEO and the managing director of Otis South Africa disagree over the suitability of...  View Details
      Keywords: Conflict Management; Race; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Management Teams; South Africa
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      Beer, Michael. "Otis South Africa (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 492-050, April 1992. (Revised February 1993.)
      • March 1990 (Revised June 1991)
      • Case

      IBM Corp.: ""Make It Your Business"" (A)

      By: Robert L. Simons
      In 1987, IBM changed its strategy in an attempt to become a market-driven company rather than a product-driven company. The case begins with a description of the new strategy and the reasons for the change and then describes the top-down sales planning and quota system...  View Details
      Keywords: Commercialization; Competitive Advantage; Business Strategy; Goals and Objectives; Strategic Planning; Motivation and Incentives; Sales; Volatility; System; Information Technology Industry
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      Simons, Robert L. IBM Corp.: ""Make It Your Business"" (A). Harvard Business School Case 190-137, March 1990. (Revised June 1991.)
      • August 1989 (Revised November 1994)
      • Case

      Nissan Motor Co. Ltd.: Marketing Strategy for the European Market

      By: John A. Quelch
      Nissan executives are reviewing their European marketing strategy in light of the 1992 European Community (EC) market integration program and the likely end of bilateral import quotas on Japanese cars by some EC countries. Having recently established a manufacturing...  View Details
      Keywords: Marketing Strategy; Resource Allocation; Market Entry and Exit; Trade; Auto Industry; Japan; United Kingdom; Europe
      Citation
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      Quelch, John A. "Nissan Motor Co. Ltd.: Marketing Strategy for the European Market." Harvard Business School Case 590-018, August 1989. (Revised November 1994.)
      • Research Summary

      Current Research

      By: Doug J. Chung

      Professor Chung models the effect of incentive compensation to study its impact on the sales force. Using data from a Fortune 500 company, he has developed a dynamic structural model of sales force response to a bonus-based compensation plan and examined how various...  View Details

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