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      • Faculty Publications  (45)

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      • July 2022
      • Article

      When Alterations Are Violations: Moral Outrage and Punishment in Response to (Even Minor) Alterations to Rituals

      By: Daniel H. Stein, Juliana Schroeder, Nicholas M. Hobson, Francesca Gino and Michael I. Norton
      From Catholics performing the sign of the cross since the 4th century to Americans reciting the Pledge of Allegiance since the 1890s, group rituals (i.e., predefined sequences of symbolic actions) have strikingly consistent features over time. Seven studies (N = 4,213)...  View Details
      Keywords: Ritual; Morality; Groups; Norms; Commitment; Groups and Teams; Values and Beliefs; Change; Moral Sensibility; Behavior
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      Stein, Daniel H., Juliana Schroeder, Nicholas M. Hobson, Francesca Gino, and Michael I. Norton. "When Alterations Are Violations: Moral Outrage and Punishment in Response to (Even Minor) Alterations to Rituals." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 123, no. 1 (July 2022): 123–153.
      • April 2022
      • Article

      Consumers Value Effort over Ease When Caring for Close Others

      By: Ximena Garcia-Rada, Mary Steffel, Elanor F. Williams and Michael I. Norton
      Many products and services are designed to make caregiving easier, from premade meals for feeding families to robo-cribs that automatically rock babies to sleep. Yet, using these products may come with a cost: consumers may feel they have not exerted enough effort....  View Details
      Keywords: Effor; Caregiving; Close Relationships; Symbolic Meaning; Signaling; Relationships; Consumer Behavior; Perception
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      Garcia-Rada, Ximena, Mary Steffel, Elanor F. Williams, and Michael I. Norton. "Consumers Value Effort over Ease When Caring for Close Others." Journal of Consumer Research 48, no. 6 (April 2022): 970–990.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      The Business of K-12 Education in China

      By: Geoffrey Jones and Yuhai Wu
      This working paper examines the evolution of K-12 education in China, especially between 1985 and the present day, drawing extensive interviews with participants in the educational sector. China has been hugely successful in reaching almost 100 percent literacy,...  View Details
      Keywords: K-12 Education; China; Real Estate; Early Childhood Education; Performance Evaluation; Teaching; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Personal Development and Career; Social Issues; Nonprofit Organizations; Private Sector; Education Industry; Real Estate Industry; China
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      Jones, Geoffrey, and Yuhai Wu. "The Business of K-12 Education in China." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-022, October 2021.
      • October 2021
      • Article

      Board Design and Governance Failures at Peer Firms

      By: Shelby Gai, J. Yo-Jud Cheng and Andy Wu
      Our study introduces board committees as a crucial determinant of board actions. We examine how directors who structurally link different board committees—referred to as multi-committee directors (MCDs)—explain why some board actions are merely symbolic while others...  View Details
      Keywords: Board Committees; Board Monitoring; New Director Nomination; Peer Financial Restatements; Governing and Advisory Boards; Corporate Governance; Performance Effectiveness
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      Gai, Shelby, J. Yo-Jud Cheng, and Andy Wu. "Board Design and Governance Failures at Peer Firms." Strategic Management Journal 42, no. 10 (October 2021): 1909–1938.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Expanding the Entrepreneurial Cultural Toolkit: The Temporal Interplay of the Substantive and the Symbolic

      By: Rebecca Karp and Siobhan O'Mahony
      Much research shows how entrepreneurs leverage symbolic toolkits via storytelling and narratives to convince resource providers of their venture’s legitimacy. Although investors’ legitimacy concerns may be initially met with symbolic actions, it is unclear whether...  View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurial Sales; Entrepreneurship And Strategy; Entrepreneurship; Technological Innovation; Customers; Acquisition
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      Karp, Rebecca, and Siobhan O'Mahony. "Expanding the Entrepreneurial Cultural Toolkit: The Temporal Interplay of the Substantive and the Symbolic." Working Paper, September 2021.
      • 2021
      • Book

      The Four Elements: Finding Right Livelihood in the 21st Century

      By: Timothy Butler
      This is a book for all who are facing career and life transitions. At such junctures, our decisions require the full self, and astute thinking alone will not carry us into the new place that our lives demand. The Four Elements shares the recent research of Dr....  View Details
      Keywords: Meaningfulness; Career Satisfaction; Personal Development and Career; Transition; Decision Making
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      Butler, Timothy. The Four Elements: Finding Right Livelihood in the 21st Century. Open Boundary Press, 2021.
      • March 29, 2021
      • Editorial

      Research: A Little Recognition Can Provide a Big Morale Boost

      By: Shibeal O'Flaherty, Michael Sanders and Ashley V. Whillans
      As organizations large and small face the twin challenges of increasingly strained budgets and burned out workforces, what can managers do to keep employees engaged—without breaking the bank? In this piece, the authors share new research on the power of symbolic awards...  View Details
      Keywords: Motivation; Psychology; Work; Employees; Motivation and Incentives; Social Psychology
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      O'Flaherty, Shibeal, Michael Sanders, and Ashley V. Whillans. "Research: A Little Recognition Can Provide a Big Morale Boost." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (March 29, 2021).
      • February 2021
      • Case

      The Tulsa Massacre and the Call for Reparations

      By: Mihir Desai, Ruth Page, Suzanne Antoniou and Leanne Fan
      How should historic social injustices be addressed? Survivors of the 1921 Tulsa Massacre and their descendants, including Representative Regina Goodwin of Tulsa, believe they should be addressed through reparations and have consequently continued to push the government...  View Details
      Keywords: Costs And Consequences; Decisions; Judgment And Decision-making; Lawsuit; Leading Change; Conflict Resolution; Perspective Taking; Prejudice; Bias; Reparations; Decision Making; Decision Choices and Conditions; Cost vs Benefits; Judgments; Race; Ethics; Fairness; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Conflict Management; Governance; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Governance; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Policy; Government and Politics; Government Legislation; History; Lawsuits and Litigation; Legal Liability; Mission and Purpose; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Motivation and Incentives; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Oklahoma; Tulsa; United States
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      Desai, Mihir, Ruth Page, Suzanne Antoniou, and Leanne Fan. "The Tulsa Massacre and the Call for Reparations." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 221-707, February 2021.
      • December 2020 (Revised February 2021)
      • Supplement

      The Tulsa Massacre and the Call for Reparations

      By: Mihir A. Desai and Suzanne Antoniou
      How should historic social injustices be addressed? Survivors of the 1921 Tulsa Massacre and their descendants, including Representative Regina Goodwin of Tulsa, believe they should be addressed through reparations and have consequently continued to push the government...  View Details
      Keywords: Cost vs Benefits; Decision Choices and Conditions; Decisions; Judgments; Race; Fairness; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Governance; Policy; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Government Legislation; Government and Politics; Government Administration; Lawsuits and Litigation; Legal Liability; Leading Change; Mission and Purpose; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Conflict and Resolution; Conflict Management; Loss; Motivation and Incentives; Perspective; Prejudice and Bias; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Welfare; Tulsa; Oklahoma; United States
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      Desai, Mihir A., and Suzanne Antoniou. "The Tulsa Massacre and the Call for Reparations." Harvard Business School PowerPoint Supplement 221-064, December 2020. (Revised February 2021.)
      • December 2020 (Revised February 2021)
      • Teaching Note

      The Tulsa Massacre and the Call for Reparations

      By: Mihir A. Desai and Suzanne Antoniou
      How should historic social injustices be addressed? Survivors of the 1921 Tulsa Massacre and their descendants, including Representative Regina Goodwin of Tulsa, believe they should be addressed through reparations and have consequently continued to push the government...  View Details
      Keywords: Cost vs Benefits; Decision Choices and Conditions; Decisions; Judgments; Race; Fairness; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Governance; Policy; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Government Legislation; Government and Politics; Government Administration; Lawsuits and Litigation; Legal Liability; Leading Change; Mission and Purpose; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Conflict and Resolution; Conflict Management; Loss; Motivation and Incentives; Perspective; Prejudice and Bias; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Welfare; Tulsa; Oklahoma; United States
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      Desai, Mihir A., and Suzanne Antoniou. "The Tulsa Massacre and the Call for Reparations." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 221-044, December 2020. (Revised February 2021.)
      • October 2020 (Revised February 2021)
      • Case

      The Tulsa Massacre and the Call for Reparations

      By: Mihir A. Desai, Suzanne Antoniou and Leanne Fan
      How should historic social injustices be addressed? Survivors of the 1921 Tulsa Massacre and their descendants, including Representative Regina Goodwin of Tulsa, believe they should be addressed through reparations and have consequently continued to push the government...  View Details
      Keywords: Cost vs Benefits; Decision Choices and Conditions; Decisions; Judgments; Race; Fairness; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Governance; Policy; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Government Legislation; Government and Politics; Government Administration; Lawsuits and Litigation; Legal Liability; Leading Change; Mission and Purpose; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Conflict and Resolution; Conflict Management; Loss; Motivation and Incentives; Perspective; Prejudice and Bias; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Tulsa; Oklahoma; United States
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      Desai, Mihir A., Suzanne Antoniou, and Leanne Fan. "The Tulsa Massacre and the Call for Reparations." Harvard Business School Case 221-039, October 2020. (Revised February 2021.)
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 6 The Value Structure of Technologies, Part 1: Mapping Functional Relationships

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      Organizations are formed in a free economy because an individual or group perceives value in carrying out a technical recipe that is beyond the capacity of a single person. Technology specifies what must be done, what resources must be assembled, what actions taken in...  View Details
      Keywords: Modularity; Information Technology; Organizations; Value Creation
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 6 The Value Structure of Technologies, Part 1: Mapping Functional Relationships." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-039, September 2020.
      • August 22, 2019
      • Article

      CEOs Say Their Aim Is Inclusive Prosperity. Do They Mean It?

      By: Lynn S. Paine
      Earlier this week, the Business Roundtable issued a statement on corporate purpose. It is noteworthy both for its endorsement of inclusive prosperity as an ideal and for its rejection of maximizing shareholder returns as the sole corporate objective. However, the real...  View Details
      Keywords: Mission and Purpose; Goals and Objectives; Corporate Governance
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      Paine, Lynn S. "CEOs Say Their Aim Is Inclusive Prosperity. Do They Mean It?" Harvard Business Review (website) (August 22, 2019).
      • Article

      People Make It So Hard to Ditch Plastic Straws

      By: Scott Duke Kominers
      Rarely has a minor consumer product received more vilification than the plastic straw. As a symbol of human wastefulness and our careless disregard for the environment, straws are the near-perfect villain. You use a plastic straw once and toss it, but it stays with us...  View Details
      Keywords: Environmental Sustainability; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Consumer Behavior
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      Kominers, Scott Duke. "People Make It So Hard to Ditch Plastic Straws." Bloomberg Opinion (July 15, 2019).
      • April 2019
      • Article

      Rituals and Nuptials: The Emotional and Relational Consequences of Relationship Rituals

      By: Ximena Garcia-Rada, Ovul Sezer and Michael I. Norton
      Four studies reveal the benefits of relationship rituals: couples with relationship rituals report more positive emotions and greater relationship satisfaction and commitment than those without them. We show that rituals are crucial for understanding consumption...  View Details
      Keywords: Rituals; Relationship Satisfaction; Relationships; Satisfaction; Spending; Behavior; Perception; Emotions
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      Garcia-Rada, Ximena, Ovul Sezer, and Michael I. Norton. "Rituals and Nuptials: The Emotional and Relational Consequences of Relationship Rituals." Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 4, no. 2 (April 2019): 185–197.
      • December 2018
      • Case

      Corporate Transformation at Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

      By: Joseph B. Fuller, Amy C. Edmondson, Daniela Beyersdorfer and Tonia Labruyere
      When Stefan Oschmann became CEO and chairman of the executive board of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, in 2016, the company had started its transformation from a mid-tier traditional German industry player to a global modern science and technology player. The...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Governance With Family Ownership; Transformation; Change Management; Restructuring; Corporate Governance; Family Ownership
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      Fuller, Joseph B., Amy C. Edmondson, Daniela Beyersdorfer, and Tonia Labruyere. "Corporate Transformation at Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany." Harvard Business School Case 319-072, December 2018.
      • July–August 2018
      • Article

      How CEOs Manage Time

      By: Michael E. Porter and Nitin Nohria
      In 2006 Harvard Business School’s Michael E. Porter and Nitin Nohria launched a study tracking how large companies’ CEOs spent their time, 24/7, for 13 weeks: where they were, with whom, what they did, and what they were focusing on. To date, Porter and Nohria have...  View Details
      Keywords: CEOs; Executives; Time Management; Attitudes; Managerial Roles; Leadership; Performance Effectiveness; Strategy; Decision Making; Organizational Culture
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      Porter, Michael E., and Nitin Nohria. "How CEOs Manage Time." Harvard Business Review 96, no. 4 (July–August 2018): 42–51.
      • June 2017
      • Case

      Magellan Boatworks

      By: John A. Quelch and James T. Kindley
      Magellan Boatworks is a midsize manufacturer of customized, power "cruising yachts." In the face of economic and political uncertainty in late 2016, Magellan's VP of sales and marketing, Walt Robinson, wonders whether he should request a budget increase for 2017....  View Details
      Keywords: Marketing; Marketing Communications; Advertising; Strategy; Salesforce Management
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      Quelch, John A., and James T. Kindley. "Magellan Boatworks." Harvard Business School Brief Case 917-547, June 2017.
      • December 2016
      • Article

      Selective Regulator Decoupling and Organizations' Strategic Responses

      By: Jonas Heese, Ranjani Krishnan and Frank Moers
      Organizations often respond to institutional pressures by symbolically adopting policies and procedures but decoupling them from actual practice. Literature has examined why organizations decouple from regulatory pressures. In this study, we argue that decoupling...  View Details
      Keywords: Regulator Leniency; Beneficence; Mispricing; Upcoding; Nonprofit Organizations; Health Care and Treatment; Revenue; Health Industry
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      Heese, Jonas, Ranjani Krishnan, and Frank Moers. "Selective Regulator Decoupling and Organizations' Strategic Responses." Academy of Management Journal 59, no. 6 (December 2016). (Selected for Best Paper Proceedings of the 2015 Academy of Management Annual Meeting. Winner of the Healthcare Management Division of the Academy of Management 2015 Best Paper Award.)
      • Article

      Don't Stop Believing: Rituals Improve Performance by Decreasing Anxiety

      By: Alison Wood Brooks, Julianna Schroeder, Jane Risen, Francesca Gino, Adam D. Galinsky, Michael I. Norton and Maurice Schweitzer
      From public speaking to first dates, people frequently experience performance anxiety. And when experienced immediately before or during performance, anxiety harms performance. Across a series of experiments, we explore the efficacy of a common strategy that people...  View Details
      Keywords: Behavior; Performance; Emotions
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      Brooks, Alison Wood, Julianna Schroeder, Jane Risen, Francesca Gino, Adam D. Galinsky, Michael I. Norton, and Maurice Schweitzer. "Don't Stop Believing: Rituals Improve Performance by Decreasing Anxiety." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 137 (November 2016): 71–85.
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