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- March 2024
- Article
Do Safety Management System Standards Indicate Safer Operations? Evidence from the OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Standard
By: Kala Viswanathan, Matthew S. Johnson and Michael W. Toffel
Problem definition: Given the enormous disruptions and costs of occupational injuries, companies and buyers are increasingly looking to voluntary occupational health and safety standards to improve worker safety. Yet because these standards only require...
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Keywords:
Occupational Health;
Occupational Safety;
Program Evaluation;
Safety Performance;
Injuries;
OHSAS 18001;
ISO 45001;
Working Conditions;
Safety;
Standards
Viswanathan, Kala, Matthew S. Johnson, and Michael W. Toffel. "Do Safety Management System Standards Indicate Safer Operations? Evidence from the OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Standard." Art. 106383. Safety Science 171 (March 2024).
- 2024
- Working Paper
Principles and Content for Downstream Emissions Disclosures
By: Robert S. Kaplan and Karthik Ramanna
In a previous paper, we proposed the E-liability carbon accounting algorithm for companies to measure and subsequently reduce their own and their suppliers’ emissions. Some investors and stakeholders, however, want companies to also be accountable for downstream...
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Keywords:
Carbon Emissions;
Disclosure;
Carbon Footprint;
Climate Change;
Measurement and Metrics;
Corporate Disclosure;
Environmental Sustainability;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact
Kaplan, Robert S., and Karthik Ramanna. "Principles and Content for Downstream Emissions Disclosures." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-050, January 2024.
- 2024
- Working Paper
Corporate Culture Homogeneity and Top Executive Incentive Design: Evidence from CEO Compensation Contracts
By: Dennis Campbell, Ruidi Shang and Zhifang Zhang
We examine how corporate cultures characterized by high degrees of homogeneity in the underlying values and beliefs of organizational members are related to the design of CEO incentive compensation contracts. We argue that culture homogeneity within firms lowers...
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Keywords:
Corporate Culture;
Compensation Design;
Accounting;
Management Control;
Incentive Systems;
Organizational Culture;
Job Design and Levels;
Governance;
Executive Compensation;
Motivation and Incentives
Campbell, Dennis, Ruidi Shang, and Zhifang Zhang. "Corporate Culture Homogeneity and Top Executive Incentive Design: Evidence from CEO Compensation Contracts." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-054, February 2024.
- 2024
- Conference Paper
Quantifying Uncertainty in Natural Language Explanations of Large Language Models
By: Himabindu Lakkaraju, Sree Harsha Tanneru and Chirag Agarwal
Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as powerful tools for several
high-stakes natural language processing (NLP) applications. Recent prompting
works claim to elicit intermediate reasoning steps and key tokens that serve as
proxy explanations for LLM...
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Lakkaraju, Himabindu, Sree Harsha Tanneru, and Chirag Agarwal. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Natural Language Explanations of Large Language Models." Paper presented at the Society for Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, 2024.
- 2023
- Working Paper
New Facts and Data about Professors and Their Research
By: Kyle Myers, Wei Yang Tham, Jerry Thursby, Marie Thursby, Nina Cohodes, Karim R. Lakhani, Rachel Mural and Yilun Xu
We introduce a new survey of professors at roughly 150 of the most research-intensive institutions of higher education in the US. We document seven new features of how research-active professors are compensated, how they spend their time, and how they perceive their...
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Keywords:
Research;
Higher Education;
Compensation and Benefits;
Measurement and Metrics;
Equality and Inequality;
Performance Productivity
Myers, Kyle, Wei Yang Tham, Jerry Thursby, Marie Thursby, Nina Cohodes, Karim R. Lakhani, Rachel Mural, and Yilun Xu. "New Facts and Data about Professors and Their Research." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-036, December 2023.
- September 2023
- Article
Customer Churn and Intangible Capital
By: Scott R. Baker, Brian Baugh and Marco Sammon
Intangible capital is a crucial and growing piece of firms’ capital structure, but many of its distinct components are difficult to measure. We develop and make available several new firm-level metrics regarding a key component of intangible capital – firms’ customer...
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Keywords:
Customer Base;
Transaction Data;
Customer Churn;
Intangible Capital;
Capital Structure;
Measurement and Metrics;
Customers
Baker, Scott R., Brian Baugh, and Marco Sammon. "Customer Churn and Intangible Capital." Journal of Political Economy Macroeconomics 1, no. 3 (September 2023): 447–505.
- 2023
- Article
M4: A Unified XAI Benchmark for Faithfulness Evaluation of Feature Attribution Methods across Metrics, Modalities, and Models
By: Himabindu Lakkaraju, Xuhong Li, Mengnan Du, Jiamin Chen, Yekun Chai and Haoyi Xiong
While Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques have been widely studied to explain predictions made by deep neural networks, the way to evaluate the faithfulness of explanation results remains challenging, due to the heterogeneity of explanations for...
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Keywords:
AI and Machine Learning
Lakkaraju, Himabindu, Xuhong Li, Mengnan Du, Jiamin Chen, Yekun Chai, and Haoyi Xiong. "M4: A Unified XAI Benchmark for Faithfulness Evaluation of Feature Attribution Methods across Metrics, Modalities, and Models." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (2023).
- November 2023
- Background Note
Life Cycle Assessment: An Overview
By: Willy C. Shih, Michael W. Toffel and Kelsey Carter
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a holistic approach to quantifying the environmental impacts—including resources consumed and wastes produced—associated with the entire life cycle of a product, from the production or extraction of the raw materials used in its creation,...
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- November 2023
- Background Note
Corporate Climate Targets
By: Willy C. Shih, Michael W. Toffel and Kelsey Carter
Companies that are addressing climate change by mitigating their greenhouse gas emissions often set reduction targets. This note describes several types of widely used carbon reduction targets, including carbon neutral, science based, net zero, real zero, and carbon...
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Keywords:
Corporate Sustainability;
Environmental Strategy;
Climate Risk;
Target-setting;
Climate Change;
Environmental Sustainability;
Corporate Accountability;
Policy;
Measurement and Metrics;
Strategic Planning;
Social Issues;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact
Shih, Willy C., Michael W. Toffel, and Kelsey Carter. "Corporate Climate Targets." Harvard Business School Background Note 624-041, November 2023.
- October 2023
- Case
Prime Coalition: Estimating Climate Impact
A case on CRANE, a tool to help investors and green technology companies estimate the future climate impact of new technologies and products, called emissions reduction potential (ERP). The case includes material on CRANE’s methodology for estimating future carbon...
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Keywords:
Carbon Emissions;
Environmental Accounting;
Analysis;
Climate Change;
Green Technology;
Innovation and Invention;
Measurement and Metrics;
Philanthropy and Charitable Giving;
Risk and Uncertainty;
Nonprofit Organizations;
Social Enterprise
Rigol, Natalia, Benjamin N. Roth, Brian Trelstad, and Amram Migdal. "Prime Coalition: Estimating Climate Impact." Harvard Business School Case 824-119, October 2023.
- October 2023 (Revised November 2023)
- Case
Rheaply: Circularity For Every Business
By: Rembrand Koning and Alicia Dadlani
In March 2023, Garry Cooper, cofounder and CEO of Chicago-based Rheaply, needed to demonstrate that Rheaply’s expanded vision could translate into building cash flows and metrics needed to raise a Series B and turn the business into a model for financial and...
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Keywords:
Business Startups;
Social Entrepreneurship;
Technological Innovation;
Environmental Sustainability;
Entrepreneurial Finance;
Technology Industry;
Green Technology Industry;
United States;
Illinois;
Chicago
Koning, Rembrand, and Alicia Dadlani. "Rheaply: Circularity For Every Business." Harvard Business School Case 724-351, October 2023. (Revised November 2023.)
- 2023
- Working Paper
Are Hospital Quality Indicators Causal?
By: Amitabh Chandra, Maurice Dalton and Douglas O. Staiger
Hospitals play a key role in patient outcomes and spending, but efforts to improve their quality are hindered because we do not know whether hospital quality indicators are causal or biased. We evaluate the validity of commonly used quality indicators, such as...
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Keywords:
Quality;
Health Care and Treatment;
Measurement and Metrics;
Outcome or Result;
Health Industry
Chandra, Amitabh, Maurice Dalton, and Douglas O. Staiger. "Are Hospital Quality Indicators Causal?" NBER Working Paper Series, No. 31789, October 2023.
- September 13, 2023
- Article
How the Best Chief Data Officers Create Value
By: Suraj Srinivasan and Robin Seibert
Despite the rapidly increasing prominence of data and analytics functions, the majority of chief data officers (CDOs) fail to value and price the business outcomes created by their data and analytics capabilities. It comes as no surprise then that many CDOs fall behind...
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Srinivasan, Suraj, and Robin Seibert. "How the Best Chief Data Officers Create Value." Harvard Business Review (website) (September 13, 2023).
- September 2023 (Revised March 2024)
- Case
ReMo Energy: Sizing Up Investors
By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang and Tom Quinn
In 2023, executives with ReMo Energy (founded 2020) were deciding which size ammonia plant to build as their first project. Their innovative model produced ammonia – useful for making fertilizer and for energy storage – from renewable energy, and they had received...
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Keywords:
Factories, Labs, and Plants;
Business Startups;
Cost vs Benefits;
Design;
Energy Conservation;
Energy Generation;
Renewable Energy;
Venture Capital;
Investment Return;
Goods and Commodities;
Size;
Infrastructure;
Risk and Uncertainty;
Science-Based Business;
Commercialization;
Chemical Industry;
Energy Industry;
Green Technology Industry;
United States;
Boston
Bussgang, Jeffrey J., and Tom Quinn. "ReMo Energy: Sizing Up Investors." Harvard Business School Case 824-027, September 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
- Article
Stock Price Reactions to ESG News: The Role of ESG Ratings and Disagreement
By: George Serafeim and Aaron Yoon
We investigate whether ESG ratings predict future ESG news and the associated market reactions. We find that the consensus rating predicts future news, but its predictive ability diminishes for firms with large disagreement between raters. Relation between news and...
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Keywords:
ESG;
ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance;
ESG Disclosure;
ESG Ratings;
ESG Reporting;
ESG Disclosure Metrics;
Sustainability;
Investments;
Disagreement;
Rating Disagreement;
Ratings;
Environmental Sustainability;
Social Issues;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Performance;
News;
Investment;
Financial Markets;
Stocks;
Price
Serafeim, George, and Aaron Yoon. "Stock Price Reactions to ESG News: The Role of ESG Ratings and Disagreement." Special Issue on RAST 2022 Conference. Review of Accounting Studies 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 1500–1530.
- 2023
- Working Paper
The Crowdless Future? How Generative AI Is Shaping the Future of Human Crowdsourcing
The rapid advances in generative AI have the potential to reshape organizational innovation, raising uncertainty about the role of human solvers in this new era of augmented intelligence. We initiated a crowdsourcing challenge focused on sustainable, circular economy...
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Boussioux, Léonard, Jacqueline N. Lane, Miaomiao Zhang, Vladimir Jacimovic, and Karim R. Lakhani. "The Crowdless Future? How Generative AI Is Shaping the Future of Human Crowdsourcing." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-005, July 2023. (Revised November 2023.)
- August 2023
- Article
Do Rating Agencies Behave Defensively for Higher Risk Issuers?
By: Samuel B. Bonsall IV, Kevin Koharki, Pepa Kraft, Karl A. Muller III and Anywhere Sikochi
We examine whether rating agencies act defensively toward issuers with a higher likelihood of default. We find that agencies' qualitative soft rating adjustments are more accurate as issuers' default risk grows, as evidenced by the adjustments leading to lower Type I...
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Keywords:
Credit Rating Agencies;
Soft Rating Adjustments;
Default;
Credit;
Performance Evaluation;
Measurement and Metrics;
Financial Institutions;
Risk Management
Bonsall, Samuel B., IV, Kevin Koharki, Pepa Kraft, Karl A. Muller III, and Anywhere Sikochi. "Do Rating Agencies Behave Defensively for Higher Risk Issuers?" Management Science 69, no. 8 (August 2023): 4864–4887.
- 2023
- Other Unpublished Work
If 3 Was 9
One determinant of where economies and markets are headed is how well we handle the climate crisis. Headlines on the climate tend to emphasize two points. First, average global temps are rising, with it being the hottest summer in 1,000 centuries per some estimates....
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Cohen, Randolph B. "If 3 Was 9." August 2023. (LinkedIn Articles.)
- July 2023 (Revised August 2023)
- Case
Revenue Recognition at Stride Funding: Making Sense of Revenues for a Fintech Startup
By: Paul M. Healy and Jung Koo Kang
The case explores the challenges of revenue recognition and financial reporting for Stride Funding (Stride), a fintech startup that has disrupted the student loan market. Stride leveraged proprietary machine learning and financial models to underwrite alternative...
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Keywords:
Revenue Recognition;
Financial Reporting;
Entrepreneurial Finance;
Business Startups;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Governance Compliance;
Accrual Accounting;
Financial Services Industry;
United States
Healy, Paul M., and Jung Koo Kang. "Revenue Recognition at Stride Funding: Making Sense of Revenues for a Fintech Startup." Harvard Business School Case 124-015, July 2023. (Revised August 2023.)
- June 2023
- Supplement
Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare
By: George Serafeim
In May 2022, Roche Group, one of the largest healthcare companies in the world, hosted its first ESG investor event focused exclusively on its efforts to impact access to healthcare. While Roche had recently set an ambitious goal to double the number of patients that...
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Keywords:
ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance;
Sustainable Finance;
Growth Strategy And Execution;
Sustainability Targets;
Impact Evaluation;
Healthcare Access;
Healthcare Innovation;
Healthcare Systems;
Healthcare Operations;
Finance;
Strategy;
Health Testing and Trials;
Health Care and Treatment;
Growth Management;
Measurement and Metrics;
Innovation Strategy;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Health Industry;
Pharmaceutical Industry;
Switzerland;
North America;
Europe;
Asia;
Latin America;
Africa
Serafeim, George. "Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 123-713, June 2023.