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All HBS Web
(2,964)
- People (9)
- News (675)
- Research (1,554)
- Events (27)
- Multimedia (37)
- Faculty Publications (1,086)
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- December 2011
- Article
Platform Envelopment
By: Thomas R. Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker and Marshall Van Alstyne
Due to network effects and switching costs in platform markets, entrants generally must offer revolutionary functionality. We explore a second entry path that does not rely upon Schumpeterian innovation: platform envelopment. Through envelopment, a provider in one...
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Keywords:
Digital Platforms;
Business and Stakeholder Relations;
Economic Systems;
Development Economics;
Business or Company Management;
Business Strategy;
Network Effects;
Information Technology Industry;
Technology Industry
Eisenmann, Thomas R., Geoffrey Parker, and Marshall Van Alstyne. "Platform Envelopment." Strategic Management Journal 32, no. 12 (December 2011): 1270–1285.
- December 2020 (Revised March 2021)
- Case
eXp Realty and the Virbela Platform
By: Prithwiraj Choudhury, Jan Bena, David Rowat and Emma Salomon
As he considered his plans for the future, Glenn Sanford, CEO of eXp World Holdings, Inc., faced an exciting conundrum. He had built the first all-remote real estate brokerage firm, eXp Realty, which had been growing exponentially and was thriving, even amidst the...
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Keywords:
Real Estate;
All Remote;
Virtual Platform;
Internet and the Web;
Strategy;
Decision Making;
Resource Allocation;
Digital Platforms;
Real Estate Industry;
Technology Industry
Choudhury, Prithwiraj, Jan Bena, David Rowat, and Emma Salomon. "eXp Realty and the Virbela Platform." Harvard Business School Case 621-068, December 2020. (Revised March 2021.)
- 2021
- Working Paper
Exclusive Dealing and Entry by Competing Two-Sided Platforms
By: Cristian Chica, Kenneth Chuk and Jorge Tamayo
We study competition between horizontally differentiated platforms offering exclusive and non-exclusive contracts to one side of the market (content providers). The introduction of non-exclusive contracts in addition to exclusive contracts softens the competition for...
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Keywords:
Two-Sided Markets;
Platform Price Competition;
Network Externalities;
Exclusive Contracts;
Multi-homing;
Digital Platforms;
Price;
Competition;
Contracts
Chica, Cristian, Kenneth Chuk, and Jorge Tamayo. "Exclusive Dealing and Entry by Competing Two-Sided Platforms." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-092, March 2021. (R&R International Journal of Industrial Organization.)
- Research Summary
Competing Platforms
This paper focuses on platform-intermediated markets where there
are a small number of firms on one side and analyzes the strategic
competition among platforms to get the oligopolistic side
on-board. Due to the prevalence of both same and cross-side
externalities,...
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- January 2024
- Article
Dog Eat Dog: Balancing Network Effects and Differentiation in a Digital Platform Merger
By: Chiara Farronato, Jessica Fong and Andrey Fradkin
Digital platforms are increasingly the subject of regulatory scrutiny. In comparison to multiple competitors, a single platform may increase consumer welfare if network effects are large or may decrease welfare due to higher prices or reduction in platform variety. We...
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Keywords:
Platform Differentiation;
Digital Platforms;
Network Effects;
Measurement and Metrics;
Mergers and Acquisitions;
Outcome or Result
Farronato, Chiara, Jessica Fong, and Andrey Fradkin. "Dog Eat Dog: Balancing Network Effects and Differentiation in a Digital Platform Merger." Management Science 70, no. 1 (January 2024): 464–483.
- Research Summary
Platform Competition
Technology has challenged the underlying foundations of business, and firms must evaluate and change strategies accordingly. Professor Halaburda studies the interaction of technology and economic theory, and her findings indicate that conventional wisdom and rules... View Details
- 2007
- Working Paper
Proprietary vs. Open Two-Sided Platforms and Social Efficiency
By: Andrei Hagiu
This paper identifies a fundamental economic welfare tradeoff between two-sided open platforms and two-sided proprietary (closed) platforms connecting consumers and producers. Proprietary platforms create two-sided deadweight losses through monopoly pricing but at the...
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Keywords:
Two-Sided Markets;
Platforms;
Indirect Network Effects;
Product Variety;
Social Efficiency;
Two-Sided Platforms;
Network Effects;
Welfare or Wellbeing
Hagiu, Andrei. "Proprietary vs. Open Two-Sided Platforms and Social Efficiency." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 07-095, May 2007.
- 10 Dec 2014
- Working Paper Summaries
Multi-sided Platforms
- 10 Jul 2007
- Working Paper Summaries
Platform Envelopment
- March 2018
- Teaching Note
Adaptive Platform Trials: The Clinical Trial of the Future?
By: Ariel D. Stern and Sarah Mehta
This teaching note provides guidance and recommendations for teaching HBS Case No. 618-025, entitled “Adaptive Platform Trials: The Clinical Trial of the Future?”
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- March 2022
- Article
From Proprietary to Collective Governance: How Do Platform Participation Strategies Evolve?
By: Siobhan O'Mahony and Rebecca Karp
When platform leaders change the rules guiding who can access and control a platform, the strategies of those who create value from the platform can be upended. Little research examines how platform participants adapt their strategies when a platform leader changes the...
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Keywords:
Platform Governance;
Access;
Crowdsourcing;
Applications and Software;
Employees;
Leadership Style;
Cybersecurity;
Risk Management
O'Mahony, Siobhan, and Rebecca Karp. "From Proprietary to Collective Governance: How Do Platform Participation Strategies Evolve?" Strategic Management Journal 43, no. 3 (March 2022): 530–562.
- June 2020
- Article
Frenemies in Platform Markets: Heterogeneous Profit Foci as Drivers of Compatibility Decisions
By: Ron Adner, Jianqing Chen and Feng Zhu
We study compatibility decisions of two competing platform owners that generate profits through both hardware sales and royalties from content sales. We consider a game-theoretic model in which two platforms offer different standalone utilities to users. We find that...
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Keywords:
Compatibility;
Platform Competition;
Profit Foci;
Digital Platforms;
Competition;
Profit;
Decision Making
Adner, Ron, Jianqing Chen, and Feng Zhu. "Frenemies in Platform Markets: Heterogeneous Profit Foci as Drivers of Compatibility Decisions." Management Science 66, no. 6 (June 2020): 2432–2451.
- 2013
- Working Paper
Competing by Restricting Choice: The Case of Search Platforms
By: Hanna Halaburda and Mikolaj Jan Piskorski
Seminal papers recommend that platforms in two-sided markets increase the number of complements available. We show that a two-sided platform can successfully compete by limiting the choice of potential matches it offers to its customers while charging higher prices...
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Keywords:
Matching Platform;
Indirect Network Effects;
Limits To Network Effects;
Decision Choices and Conditions;
Network Effects;
Two-Sided Platforms;
Marketplace Matching;
Competitive Strategy
Halaburda, Hanna, and Mikolaj Jan Piskorski. "Competing by Restricting Choice: The Case of Search Platforms." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-098, May 2010. (Revised June 2010, March 2011, August 2011, March 2013.)
- November 2015
- Article
Multi-Sided Platforms
By: Andrei Hagiu and Julian Wright
We study the economic tradeoffs that drive organizations to position themselves closer to or further away from a multi-sided platform (MSP) business model, relative to three traditional alternatives: vertically integrated firms, resellers or input suppliers. These...
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Hagiu, Andrei, and Julian Wright. "Multi-Sided Platforms." International Journal of Industrial Organization 43 (November 2015): 162–174.
- 2019
- Working Paper
Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 14 Introducing Open Platforms and Ecosystems
The purpose of this chapter is to lay the groundwork for a comprehensive theoretical investigation of open platform systems. To do this, we must first recognize that, although there is a strong family resemblance among all platform systems, there are different types of...
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Keywords:
Open Platforms;
Business Ecosystems;
Information Technology;
Organizational Design;
Industry Structures;
Digital Platforms
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 14 Introducing Open Platforms and Ecosystems." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-035, October 2018. (Revised January 2019.)
- 2011
- Working Paper
Quantity vs. Quality: Exclusion by Platforms with Network Effects
By: Andrei Hagiu
This paper provides a simple model of platforms with direct network effects, in which users value not just the quantity (i.e., number) of other users who join, but also their average quality in some dimension. A monopoly platform is more likely to exclude low-quality...
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Keywords:
Multi-sided Platforms;
Exclusion;
Quality And Quantity;
Cost;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Network Effects;
Market Participation;
Digital Platforms;
Monopoly;
Quality;
Motivation and Incentives;
Strategy
Hagiu, Andrei. "Quantity vs. Quality: Exclusion by Platforms with Network Effects." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-125, May 2011.
- 2019
- Working Paper
Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 17 The Wintel Standards-based Platform
The purpose of this chapter is to use the theory of bottlenecks laid out in previous chapters to better understand the dynamics of an open standards-based platform. I describe how the Wintel platform evolved from 1990 through 2000 under joint sponsorship of Intel and...
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Keywords:
Open Platforms;
Bottlenecks;
Wintel Platform;
Disintermediation;
Information Infrastructure;
Applications and Software;
Business History;
Digital Platforms;
Computer Industry
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 17 The Wintel Standards-based Platform." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-055, November 2019.
- 2021
- Working Paper
Assessing the Strength of Network Effects in Social Network Platforms
By: Marco Iansiti
Network effects have risen to the forefront of platform competition discussions (e.g. the House Judiciary investigation of competition in digital markets, claiming that Facebook, for example, is entrenched due to strong network effects and high switching costs). While...
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Keywords:
Social Networks;
Platform Competition;
Network Effects;
Competition;
Social Media;
Digital Platforms
Iansiti, Marco. "Assessing the Strength of Network Effects in Social Network Platforms." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-086, February 2021.
- September 2019
- Supplement
Adaptive Platform Trials: The Clinical Trial of the Future? (B)
By: Ariel D. Stern and Sarah Mehta
This case provides an update to the (A) case, which introduces students to adaptive platform trials, an ambitious, more efficient type of clinical trial that increases access to therapies. The (A) case centers on Dr. Brian Alexander’s efforts to launch an adaptive...
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Keywords:
Clinical Trials;
Drug Trials;
Drug Testing;
Cancer Trials;
Glioblastoma;
Platform Trials;
Adaptive Trials;
Adaptive Platform Trials;
Health Testing and Trials;
Health Care and Treatment;
Financing and Loans;
Business Strategy;
Health Industry;
United States
Stern, Ariel D., and Sarah Mehta. "Adaptive Platform Trials: The Clinical Trial of the Future? (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 620-001, September 2019.
- 2009
- Chapter
Platform Rules: Multi-Sided Platforms As Regulators
By: Kevin J. Boudreau and Andrei Hagiu
This chapter provides a basic conceptual framework for interpreting non-price instruments used by multi-sided platforms (MSPs) by analogizing MSPs as "private regulators" who regulate access to and interactions around the platform. We present evidence on Facebook,...
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Boudreau, Kevin J., and Andrei Hagiu. "Platform Rules: Multi-Sided Platforms As Regulators." In Platforms, Markets and Innovation, edited by Annabelle Gawer. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009.