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- Article
The Strategy in Competitive Interactions
This paper reviews, discusses, and expands the “core guidance” definition of strategy as “the smallest set of choices to optimally guide (or force) other choices.” It first discusses what this definition contributes to the existing proposed definitions. It then...
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Keywords:
Strategy Formulation;
Strategy Definition;
Strategy;
Competition;
Analysis;
Competitive Strategy;
Decision Making
Van den Steen, Eric J. "The Strategy in Competitive Interactions." Strategy Science 3, no. 4 (December 2018): 574–591.
- June 1999 (Revised November 1999)
- Background Note
Processes of Strategy Definition and Implementation, The
By: Clayton M. Christensen and Jeremy Dann
Strategy definition is not a short, discrete process. Rather, outside influences (market, political, technological, etc.) and the company's own resource allocation process continually reshape an organization's strategy.
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Keywords:
Disruption;
Management Practices and Processes;
Resource Allocation;
Strategic Planning;
Situation or Environment;
Strategy
Christensen, Clayton M., and Jeremy Dann. "Processes of Strategy Definition and Implementation, The." Harvard Business School Background Note 399-179, June 1999. (Revised November 1999.)
- April 2020 (Revised January 2021)
- Module Note
Crafting Strategy
This note provides an introduction to crafting strategy following an options-led approach. It provides an overview of scenario planning, and it prepares students to describe firm strategy with succinct strategy statements. The note also briefly outlines other...
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Keywords:
Strategy Formulation;
Options;
Scenario Planning;
Scenarios;
Strategy Definition;
Strategy;
Strategic Planning
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Ashish Nanda, and Jan Rivkin. "Crafting Strategy." Harvard Business School Module Note 720-407, April 2020. (Revised January 2021.)
- January 2021 (Revised March 2021)
- Technical Note
Strategy and Strategic Thinking
This note gives managers a concrete perspective on what ‘a strategy’ really is, what makes a decision ‘strategic,’ and what ‘strategic thinking’ means. It also gives them practical frameworks to assess whether some set of decisions is really a strategy and how to...
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Keywords:
Strategic Alignment;
Strategy Definition;
Strategy And Execution;
Strategy Test;
Strategy;
Strategic Planning;
Decision Making
Van den Steen, Eric. "Strategy and Strategic Thinking." Harvard Business School Technical Note 721-431, January 2021. (Revised March 2021.)
- October 2018
- Article
Strategy and the Strategist: How it Matters Who Develops the Strategy
This paper addresses primarily two questions. First, when (and why) should a company’s strategy be developed by its CEO versus by some outside analyst or other insider? Second, how does strategy interact with vision (in the sense of a strong belief about the right...
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Van den Steen, Eric J. "Strategy and the Strategist: How it Matters Who Develops the Strategy." Management Science 64, no. 10 (October 2018): 4533–4551.
- June 2012 (Revised December 2017)
- Technical Note
Strategy and Strategic Decisions
This note introduces a framework for formulating strategy that helps a manager identify which decisions are strategic—and thus which decisions to focus on (both when developing strategy and when executing it)—and that provides a practical test for whether a particular...
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Keywords:
Formulating Strategy;
Strategic Theory;
Strategy Test;
Strategic Analysis;
Strategy;
Theory;
Strategic Planning
Van den Steen, Eric. "Strategy and Strategic Decisions." Harvard Business School Technical Note 712-500, June 2012. (Revised December 2017.)
- August 2017
- Article
A Formal Theory of Strategy
What makes a decision strategic? When is strategy most important? This paper formally studies these questions, starting from a (functional) definition of strategy as “the smallest set of choices to optimally guide (or force) other choices.” The paper shows that this...
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Van den Steen, Eric J. "A Formal Theory of Strategy." Management Science 63, no. 8 (August 2017): 2616–2636.
- October 1978 (Revised March 1987)
- Background Note
Note on Market Definition and Segmentation
Outlines the problems involved in defining "markets" for purposes of 1) developing competitive strategies, 2) measuring market share, and 3) evaluating the extent of competition. The primary focus is on strategic planning--specifically, the questions of delimiting the...
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Buzzell, Robert D. "Note on Market Definition and Segmentation." Harvard Business School Background Note 579-083, October 1978. (Revised March 1987.)
- July 1989 (Revised November 1992)
- Background Note
Marketing Strategy Formulation
Identifies the elements of marketing strategy and introduces frameworks for strategic marketing decisions. The frameworks deal with market definition and selection, positioning and differentiation, and market entry/exit decisions. Other topics discussed include...
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Drumwright, Minette E., and Thomas J. Kosnik. "Marketing Strategy Formulation." Harvard Business School Background Note 590-001, July 1989. (Revised November 1992.)
- January 2004 (Revised May 2004)
- Background Note
Strategy and Positioning in Professional Service Firms
By: Ashish Nanda
This case provides a definition of strategy, distinguishes between corporate and practice strategy, and discusses how and why developing and implementing strategy for professional service firms is different from developing and implementing strategy for commercial...
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Nanda, Ashish. "Strategy and Positioning in Professional Service Firms." Harvard Business School Background Note 904-060, January 2004. (Revised May 2004.)
- 21 Dec 2011
- Research & Ideas
The Most Common Strategy Mistakes
"Michael Porter didn't get to be a giant in the field of competition and strategy by hunting small game." Joan Magretta begins her new book on Harvard Business School's Michael Porter's work by noting that, from the start of his...
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Keywords:
by Joan Magretta
- 2013
- Working Paper
Applying Random Coefficient Models to Strategy Research: Testing for Firm Heterogeneity, Predicting Firm-Specific Coefficients, and Estimating Strategy Trade-Offs
By: Juan Alcacer, Wilbur Chung, Ashton Hawk and Goncalo Pacheco-de-Almeida
Although Strategy research aims to understand how firm actions have differential effects on performance, most empirical research estimates the average effects of these actions across firms. This paper promotes Random Coefficients Models (RCMs) as an ideal empirical...
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Alcacer, Juan, Wilbur Chung, Ashton Hawk, and Goncalo Pacheco-de-Almeida. "Applying Random Coefficient Models to Strategy Research: Testing for Firm Heterogeneity, Predicting Firm-Specific Coefficients, and Estimating Strategy Trade-Offs." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 14-022, September 2013.
- 26 Mar 2006
- Research & Ideas
The Office of Strategy Management
"Why is there such a persistent gap between ambition and performance?" ask Robert Kaplan and David P. Norton in "The Office of Strategy Management" in the October 2005 Harvard Business Review. "The gap arises, we...
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Keywords:
by Martha Lagace
- 11 Jan 2010
- Research & Ideas
Mixing Open Source and Proprietary Software Strategies
strategies that managers can take into consideration when setting the course for their own firms. A Q&A with Llanes follows. Julia Hanna: How did you come to be interested in this particular area of research? Gaston Llanes: We started...
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- 2015
- Working Paper
Competitiveness and Clusters: Implications for a New European Growth Strategy
By: Christian H.M. Ketels
This paper develops policy recommendations on the use of cluster-based economic policies and the adoption of a new concept of competitiveness in the context of the new growth path that WWWforEurope aims to outline.
A first section discusses and derives an... View Details
A first section discusses and derives an... View Details
Keywords:
Competitiveness;
Clusters;
Economic Policy;
European Union;
Competition;
Industry Clusters;
Policy;
Economic Growth;
European Union
Ketels, Christian H.M. "Competitiveness and Clusters: Implications for a New European Growth Strategy." WWW for Europe Working Paper Series, No. 84, February 2015.
- Article
Birds of a Feather...Enforce Social Norms? Interactions Among Culture, Norms, and Strategy
By: Hongyi Li and Eric J. Van den Steen
Does culture eat strategy for breakfast? This paper investigates the interactions among corporate culture, norms, and strategy, in order to better understand this issue and related questions. It first shows, through microfoundations, how the forces that drive toward...
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Li, Hongyi, and Eric J. Van den Steen. "Birds of a Feather...Enforce Social Norms? Interactions Among Culture, Norms, and Strategy." Strategy Science 6, no. 2 (June 2021): 166–189.
- 19 Dec 2005
- Research & Ideas
The Regional Slice of Your Global Strategy
maximizing regional opportunities. Ghemawat discusses five regional strategies while leaving the meaning of a "region" open for interpretation. This excerpt describes the challenges of designating a meaningful View Details
Keywords:
by Pankaj Ghemawat
- 2012
- Working Paper
Why Every Company Needs a CSR Strategy and How to Build It
By: Kash Rangan, Lisa Chase and Sohel Karim
The authors argue for a strategic and pragmatic, rather than ideological, approach to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) that contrasts sharply with the prevailing Shared Value framework offered by Porter and Kramer (HBR; Jan.-Feb. 2011). We assert that, despite...
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Keywords:
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Corporate Strategy;
Values and Beliefs;
Profit;
Practice
Rangan, Kash, Lisa Chase, and Sohel Karim. "Why Every Company Needs a CSR Strategy and How to Build It." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 12-088, April 2012.
- 07 Nov 2016
- Research & Ideas
Corporate Tax Strategies Mirror Personal Returns of Top Execs
Tax strategies used by top executives on their own taxes can also show up in the companies they run. Source: Melpomenem New research shows that top executives who prefer to reduce personal taxes appear to also influence the View Details
Keywords:
by Roberta Holland
- 2015
- Chapter
The Business Model: Nature and Benefits
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and John Heilbron
This paper considers the nature of the business model and its strategic relevance to negotiations. We elaborate a substantive definition of the business model as decisions enforced by the authority of the firm; this definition enables the analysis of business models...
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Keywords:
Business Models;
Value Capture;
Value-Based Business Strategy;
Ambivalent Value;
Business Model;
Value;
Negotiation Deal
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and John Heilbron. "The Business Model: Nature and Benefits." Chap. 1 in Business Models and Modelling. Vol. 33, edited by Charles Baden-Fuller and Vincent Mangematin. Advances in Strategic Management. Emerald Group Publishing, 2015.