Michael Chu
Senior Lecturer of Business Administration
Senior Lecturer of Business Administration
Michael Chu was appointed a Senior Lecturer in the General Management Group of the Harvard Business School in July 2003, where he is part of the Social Enterprise Initiative. He is also a Partner Emeritus of the IGNIA Fund, a venture capital firm in Mexico dedicated to investing in disruptive enterprises delivering high impact goods and services to the emerging middle class and low-income populations, which he co-founded in 2007. He continues to serve as Senior Advisor to Grupo Pegasus, a private equity firm headquartered in Buenos Aires, which he co-founded in 2000.
Chu teaches the second year elective Business at the Base of the Pyramid, a course introduced jointly with Professor V. Kasturi Rangan. He is Faculty Co-Chair of the Executive Education programs Strategic Leadership for Inclusive Finance. In his academic research and teaching as well as a practitioner, for over twenty-five years Chu has focused on business delivering goods and services to low income segments, with a particular interest in the use of commercial platforms as a response to social issues and public responsibilities. He serves as Faculty Chair for Latin America.
Before Pegasus, as President & CEO of ACCION International, Chu participated in the founding and governance of several regulated microfinance banks throughout Latin America, including BancoSol, which under his chairmanship was the most profitable bank in Bolivia, Mibanco in Peru and Compartamos Banco, which following its IPO in 2007 was incorporated into the index of the Mexican Stock Exchange.
From 1989 to 1993, as an executive and limited partner in the New York office of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co, Chu was one of sixteen professionals deploying KKR’s $5.7 billion private equity fund and managing an investment portfolio with aggregate annual revenues in excess of $60 billion. He joined the private equity firm from PACE Industries, listed by Forbes as one of the twenty largest private companies in the United States, a KKR-sponsored leveraged buyout, where he served as Senior Vice President & CFO. Previously, he held senior management positions in U.S. multinational corporations and was with the Boston Consulting Group. Chu currently serves on the boards of Arcos Dorados (NYSE-ARCO) and Takeoff Technologies, Inc, a global leader in robotic micro-fulfillment centers for the global eGrocery industry, including major supermarket chains. He is also on the board of the World Justice Project, dedicated to the rule of law across the globe. He is an Academic Advisor to the Chinese Academy of Financial Inclusion and a Trustee Emeritus of Dartmouth College. He served on the inaugural Economic Advisory Board of the International Finance Corporation (The World Bank).
Chu graduated with an A.B.(Honors) from Dartmouth College and received a M.B.A. with highest distinction (Baker Scholar) from Harvard Business School.
Chu was born in Kunming, China and grew up in Montevideo, Uruguay. He and his wife Victoria Cowling Chu reside in West Newton, MA.
- Journal Articles
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- Lunze, Karsten, Rosie Dawkins, Abeezer Tapia, Sidharth Anand, Michael Chu, and David E. Bloom. "Market Mechanisms for Newborn Health in Nepal." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 17 (December 2017). View Details
- Chu, Michael, David E. Bloom, and Elizabeth Cafiero. "Setting Health Priorities: Strategy versus Tactics." Impact, the Magazine of PSI, no. 12 (April 2013). View Details
- Chu, Michael, and David E. Bloom. "Private Enterprise for Public Health." Global Investor (Credit Suisse) (February 2012), 14–16. View Details
- Rangan, V. Kasturi, Michael Chu, and Djorjiji Petkoski. "Segmenting the Base of the Pyramid." Harvard Business Review 89, no. 6 (June 2011). View Details
- Chu, Michael. "Las Microfinanzas: Creación simultánea de impacto social y valor comercial." Debates IESA 15, no. 3 (July–September 2010): 26–30. View Details
- Chu, Michael. "Profit And Poverty: Why It Matters." Forbes.com (December 20, 2007). View Details
- Chu, Michael. "Commercial Returns at the Base of the Pyramid." Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization 2, nos. 1/2 (Winter–Spring 2007): 115–146. View Details
- Chu, Michael. "Incubating Social Change." Intervening at the Inflection Point Viewpoints (2007), 25–29. View Details
- Austin, James E., and Michael Chu. "Business and Low-Income Sectors: Finding a New Weapon to Attack Poverty." Art. 1. Social Enterprise: Making a Difference ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America 6, no. 1 (fall 2006): 3–5. View Details
- Power to the Poor
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- Chu, Michael. "El Sector Privado y las Responsabilidades Públicas: El Rol de las Soluciones Comerciales en la Temática Social." Chap. 1 in Negocios inclusivos y empleo en la base de la piramide. Estudios Internacionales. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2011, Spanish ed. View Details
- Chu, Michael. "Microfinance: Business, Profitability, and the Creation of Social Value." Chap. 28 in Business Solutions for the Global Poor: Creating Social and Economic Value, by V. Kasturi Rangan, John A. Quelch, Gustavo Herrero, and Brooke Barton, 309–320. John Wiley & Sons, 2007. View Details
- Chu, Michael. "Microfinance: The Next Ten Years." In Microbanking: Creating Opportunities for the Poor Through Innovation, edited by A. Pakpahan, E. M. Lokollo, and K. Wijaya. Jakarta: Bank Rakyat Indonesia, 2005. View Details
- Cases and Teaching Materials
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- Kim, John J-H, Michael Chu, and Mariana Cal. "Ceibal: Sustaining and Scaling Educational Innovation in Uruguay." Harvard Business School Case 323-034, October 2022. View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Carla Larangeira. "BancoSol: Financial Inclusion in the Perfect Storm." Harvard Business School Case 323-023, September 2022. View Details
- Chu, Michael, Akiko Kanno, and Nobuo Sato. "Katitas: Home Ownership for the Majority of Japan." Harvard Business School Case 323-027, August 2022. (Revised October 2022.) View Details
- Rangan, V. Kasturi, Michael Chu, and Tricia Gregg. "Accion's Fintech Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 319-091, March 2019. (Revised March 2023.) View Details
- Chu, Michael. "Praava Health: A New Model for Bangladesh." Harvard Business School Case 322-067, November 2021. (Revised December 2021.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, Álvaro Rodríguez Arregui, Carla Larangeira, and Jenyfeer Martinez Buitrago. "Bodega Aurrera: eCommerce at the Base of the Pyramid." Harvard Business School Case 322-059, October 2021. (Revised November 2021.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Rachna Tahilyani. "PhonePe: Democratizing Payments in India." Harvard Business School Case 322-053, October 2021. (Revised December 2021.) View Details
- Segel, Arthur I., and Michael Chu. "Patrimonio Hoy." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 822-037, August 2021. View Details
- Chu, Michael, and John Masko. "Dream: Impact Through Real Estate." Harvard Business School Case 322-041, September 2021. (Revised October 2021.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, Krishna G. Palepu, and Dilyana Karadzhova Botha. "d.light." Harvard Business School Case 321-069, September 2020. (Revised November 2020.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, Monica Silva, and Mariana Cal. "Algramo." Harvard Business School Case 321-079, September 2020. (Revised June 2021.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, Carla Larangeira, and Pedro Levindo. "Nubank: Democratizing Financial Services." Harvard Business School Case 321-068, August 2020. (Revised August 2023.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, Brian Trelstad, and John Masko. "Nehemiah Mfg. Co.: Providing a Second Chance." Harvard Business School Case 320-008, October 2019. (Revised August 2022.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Carla Larangeira. "GENTERA: Facing the Digital Age." Harvard Business School Case 319-092, March 2019. (Revised October 2020.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, Annelena Lobb, and Joni Coughlin. "GreenLight Biosciences: In Search of Impact Investment." Harvard Business School Case 318-072, March 2018. (Revised July 2018.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and V. Kasturi Rangan. "Gilead Mexico." Harvard Business School Case 318-111, March 2018. (Revised January 2019.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Gamze Yucaoglu. "BIM: Finding New Ways to Grow." Harvard Business School Case 317-097, February 2017. (Revised March 2018.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, John S. Ji, and Nancy Hua Dai. "CreditEase: Taking Inclusive Finance Online." Harvard Business School Case 316-151, March 2016. (Revised August 2016.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, John S. Ji, and Nancy Hua Dai. "CunCunLe: Empowering China's Rural Villages." Harvard Business School Case 316-152, March 2016. (Revised January 2017.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Priscilla Zogbi. "Sorridents: Making Dental Care Accessible to All in Brazil." Harvard Business School Case 316-149, February 2016. (Revised January 2018.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Namrata Arora. "Roshan: Beyond Pioneering Success in Afghanistan." Harvard Business School Case 316-030, August 2015. (Revised October 2015.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, Vincent Dessain, and Kristina Maslauskaite. "Pearson Affordable Learning Fund." Harvard Business School Case 315-109, March 2015. View Details
- Chu, Michael. "Edyficar and Mibanco: The Emergence of M&A in Microfinance." Harvard Business School Case 315-030, February 2015. (Revised April 2017.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, Vincent Marie Dessain, and Emilie Billaud. "The Novartis Malaria Initiative." Harvard Business School Case 314-103, March 2014. (Revised November 2020.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Rachna Tahilyani. "Aspada: In Search of the Right Structure for Impact Investing." Harvard Business School Case 314-099, April 2014. (Revised July 2014.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, Thomas Bossert, Mladen Koljatic, and Monica Silva. "Ancora: A Primary Healthcare Model for Chilean Public Health?" Harvard Business School Case 314-121, April 2014. View Details
- Chu, Michael, Regina Garcia-Cuellar, and Rosa Amelia Gonzalez. "Día Día Practimercados: Meeting the Daily Needs at the Base of the Pyramid (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 314-085, January 2014. View Details
- Chu, Michael, Maria Helena Jaen, and Mercedes Briceno. "Morella Mendoza de Grossmann Foundation & the Joslin Vision Network—Venezuela." Harvard Business School Case 314-035, October 2013. View Details
- Chu, Michael, David E. Bloom, and Alison Berkley Wagonfeld. "Embrace." Harvard Business School Case 814-001, July 2013. View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Lauren Barley. "Omidyar Network: Pioneering Impact Investment." Harvard Business School Case 313-090, January 2013. View Details
- Chu, Michael, Regina Garcia-Cuellar, and Rosa Amelia Gonzalez. "Día Día Practimercados: Meeting the Daily Needs at the Base of the Pyramid (A)." Harvard Business School Case 313-071, August 2012. (Revised August 2013.) View Details
- Chu, Michael. "Mibanco: Meeting the Mainstreaming of Microfinance (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 312-019, August 2011. (Revised August 2011.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, Gustavo Herrero, and Jean Hazell. "Mibanco: Meeting the Mainstreaming of Microfinance (MM)." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 310-701, August 2011. View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Regina Garcia-Cuellar. "Farmacias Similares: Private and Public Health Care for the Base of the Pyramid in Mexico." Harvard Business School Case 307-092, January 2007. (Revised April 2011.) View Details
- Chu, Michael. "Banco Compartamos: Life after the IPO (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 311-089, January 2011. View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Namrata Arora. "YES BANK: Mainstreaming Development into Indian Banking." Harvard Business School Case 311-063, October 2010. (Revised November 2010.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Charles Augustus Smithgall IV. "Aaron's: Household Goods for the U.S. Base of the Pyramid." Harvard Business School Case 311-047, September 2010. View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Enrique Kramer. "Microfin." Harvard Business School Case 309-126, June 2009. (Revised July 2010.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Gustavo A. Herrero. "Mibanco: Meeting the Mainstreaming of Microfinance." Harvard Business School Case 309-095, February 2009. (Revised June 2010.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Joel Emilio Bregman Segre. "A Note on Direct Selling in Developing Economies." Harvard Business School Background Note 310-068, January 2010. (Revised March 2010.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Regina Garcia Cuellar. "Banco Compartamos: Life after the IPO." Harvard Business School Case 308-094, February 2008. (Revised July 2008.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Jean Hazell. "The Omidyar-Tufts Microfinance Fund: Striving to Reshape the Social Enterprise Capital Markets." Harvard Business School Case 307-078, January 2007. (Revised October 2007.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Jean Hazell. "Banca Regional Andino: Facing the Globalization of Microfinance." Harvard Business School Case 307-060, February 2007. (Revised April 2007.) View Details
- Chu, Michael. "Microfinance in Bolivia: A Meeting with the President of the Republic." Harvard Business School Case 307-107, April 2007. View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Jean Hazell. "Micro Insurance Agency: Helping the Poor Manage Risk." Harvard Business School Case 307-089, March 2007. (Revised April 2007.) View Details
- Segel, Arthur I., Michael Chu, and Gustavo Herrero. "Patrimonio Hoy." Harvard Business School Case 805-064, November 2004. (Revised July 2006.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Barbara Zepp Larson. "JA Worldwide: Managing Change in a Multi-governed Environment." Harvard Business School Case 306-025, February 2006. (Revised May 2006.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Gustavo Herrero. "Tata Consultancy Services Iberoamerica." Harvard Business School Case 705-020, April 2005. (Revised November 2005.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Barbara Zepp Larson. "Pegasus Capital: The Musimundo Decision." Harvard Business School Case 305-093, April 2005. (Revised September 2005.) View Details
- Chu, Michael. "ACCION International: Maintaining High Performance Through Time." Harvard Business School Case 304-095, March 2004. (Revised July 2005.) View Details
- Chu, Michael, and Barbara Zepp Larson. "ACCION in Nigeria." Harvard Business School Case 305-079, April 2005. View Details
- Chu, Michael. "The Trustees of Reservations." Harvard Business School Case 305-078, February 2005. (Revised March 2005.) View Details
- Austin, James E., Michael Chu, and Cate Reavis. "FIRA: Confronting the Mexican Agricultural Crisis." Harvard Business School Case 304-032, December 2003. (Revised March 2004.) View Details
- Research Summary
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Chu's research is focused on business and low income sectors, particularly in the use of commercial platforms to deliver what has traditionally been considered public responsibilities. In the last three decades, business models have emerged to meet the underserved needs of the lowest 3 income quintiles of the world, often comprising ~70% of the population of emerging market countries. These can be found in diverse sectors, including healthcare, education, basic utilities, financial services (include fintech, microfinance and impact investing.) Chu is interested in the key factors behind the success (and failure) of business models focused on low-income sectors and the conditions under which they create (or destroy) financial returns and social value, and are capable of generating systems change.Keywords: Impact Investing; Microfinance; Base Of The Pyramid; Role Of Profit And Social Impact; Private Sector Development; Emerging Markets; Business Ventures; Health Care and Treatment; Management; Social Enterprise; Strategy; Financial Services Industry; Banking Industry; Health Industry; Latin America; North and Central America; Asia; AfricaIn the last three decades, innovative commercial solutions have emerged in developing nations focusing on providing effective responses to the hugely underserved needs of low-income populations, both as consumers as well as active participants in productive value chains. Succesful ones have demonstrated the capacity of yielding economic returns equal or superior to those of conventional businesses. Some, such as microfinance, have accomplished this while generating high social value. The implications on global poverty and economic development are significant. The possibility of deploying social impact activities through business models makes it possible to achieve simultaneously and consistently four key characteristics: scale, permanence, continuous efficacy and continuous efficiency. These are the attributes required for meaningful systemic change, implicit in responding effectively to poverty, which can be defined as the exclusion from those goods & services that determine an individual's life-chances. These four characteristics can only be guaranteed through time by commercial industries, operating under intense competition in open markets. In developing countries, where the public sector is particularly challenged as a direct dispenser of goods and services, including in healthcare and education, this affords the private sector a unique role. The analysis of concrete business cases serving low income sectors allows the identification of the key elements of success, the similarities or differences with conventional business practices, the challenges these pose to different types of enterprises, and an understanding (often counterintuitive) of how market mechanisms create or destroy social value.In the last decade, inspired by the success of commercial microfinance, the concept of applying the practice of equity investing to the delivery of high social impact interventions has drawn increasing attention in development circles, business academia and practitioners. In the field, impact investing funds have been raised and are being deployed, pioneering what may become a new industry, or at least a new niche in the area of risk capital investment. As is characteristic of early stages, the current definition of impact investing is as varied as the types of providers and the deployers of capital. While positive social impact is a common objective, the definition of financial success stretches from a nominal return of capital to superior commercial returns. The field calls for the formulation of analytical frameworks to better understand the various approaches, the relevant metrics for the social returns resulting from the deployment of capital, and the link between social impact and profitability.
- Teaching
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Chu's teaching focuses on businesses providing goods and services to the emerging middle class and low-income sectors that constitute the market below the well-served top of the socio-economic pyramid. In developed countries such as the USA, this may be 40-50% of the population; in emerging markets, it is 70-80% of the people. In his teaching. Chu examines the key factors behind the success or failure of these business models, the extent to which the financial success of such enterprises may disrupt traditional industries or create new ones and their role in addressing the underserved needs of this majority of humanity, including in areas critical to shaping life chances. In the process, Chu explores the ways in which the social impact of such businesses at the base of the pyramid can be assessed, especially from the practical perspective of managers making business decisions.
- Awards & Honors
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Awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Dartmouth College in 1995.Recipient of the 1998 Governor's New American Appreciation Award.
- Additional Information
- Areas of Interest
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- business and poverty
- emerging markets
- healthcare ventures
- social enterprise
- social entrepreneurship
- corporate governance
- economic development
- entrepreneurship
- foreign direct investment
- globalization
- government and business
- international business
- international entrepreneurial finance
- leadership
- philanthropy
- private equity
- values
- venture capital
- emerging market private equity
- financial services
- microfinance
- Argentina
- Asia
- Brazil
- Chile
- China
- Colombia
- India
- Latin America
- Mexico
- North America
- Peru
- South America
- United States
- Uruguay
Additional TopicsIndustriesGeographies - In The News
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