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- November 2004 (Revised September 2019)
- Background Note
The U.S. Health Club Industry in 2004
By: John R. Wells, Gabriel Ellsworth and Benjamin Weinstock
In 2004, the $16.8 billion U.S. health club industry continued its strong record of growth. There were almost 27,000 health clubs in the United States, up from 6,700 two decades earlier, and these clubs claimed 41 million members, over 14% of the U.S. population....
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Keywords:
Health Clubs;
Fitness;
Gyms;
Chain;
Weight Loss;
Obesity;
Exercise;
Personal Training;
Bally Total Fitness;
24 Hour Fitness;
YMCA;
Gold's Gym;
Curves;
Franchise;
Franchising;
Subscription;
Promotional Sales;
Promotions;
Fixed Costs;
Body;
Accrual Accounting;
Revenue Recognition;
Buildings and Facilities;
Business Growth and Maturation;
Business Model;
For-Profit Firms;
Trends;
Customers;
Demographics;
Age;
Income;
Private Equity;
Financing and Loans;
Profit;
Revenue;
Geographic Scope;
Multinational Firms and Management;
Health;
Nutrition;
Business History;
Employees;
Retention;
Human Capital;
Working Conditions;
Contracts;
Business or Company Management;
Goals and Objectives;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Markets;
Demand and Consumers;
Supply and Industry;
Industry Growth;
Industry Structures;
Operations;
Service Operations;
Franchise Ownership;
Private Ownership;
Public Ownership;
Problems and Challenges;
Sales;
Salesforce Management;
Situation or Environment;
Opportunities;
Nonprofit Organizations;
Welfare;
Sports;
Strategy;
Business Strategy;
Competition;
Competitive Strategy;
Consolidation;
Corporate Strategy;
Customization and Personalization;
Expansion;
Segmentation;
Hardware;
Health Industry;
United States
Wells, John R., Gabriel Ellsworth, and Benjamin Weinstock. "The U.S. Health Club Industry in 2004." Harvard Business School Background Note 705-445, November 2004. (Revised September 2019.)
- October 2016 (Revised January 2017)
- Background Note
The U.S. Health Club Industry, 2005–2016
By: John R. Wells and Gabriel Ellsworth
In 2015, the U.S. health-club industry generated revenues of $25.8 billion, up from $14.8 billion in 2004. Members of health clubs accounted for 17% of the population, up from 14%. The number of clubs had grown from 26,830 in 2004 to 36,180. In the process, the list of...
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Keywords:
Health Clubs;
Fitness;
Gyms;
Chain;
Weight Loss;
Obesity;
Exercise;
Personal Training;
Retention;
Bally Total Fitness;
24 Hour Fitness;
YMCA;
Gold's Gym;
Curves;
Franchise;
Franchising;
Subscription;
Promotional Sales;
Promotions;
Fixed Costs;
Body;
Business Ventures;
Strategy;
Health;
Investment;
Health Industry;
Health Industry;
United States
Wells, John R., and Gabriel Ellsworth. "The U.S. Health Club Industry, 2005–2016." Harvard Business School Background Note 717-421, October 2016. (Revised January 2017.)
- January 2005
- Teaching Note
Health Club Industry in 2004, The (TN)
By: John R. Wells
Teaching Note to (2-705-445) and (2-705-451).
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Keywords:
Health Industry
- February 2018 (Revised April 2018)
- Case
Omar Simmons: Franchising and Private Equity
By: Steven Rogers and Alyssa Haywoode
Omar Simmons, managing director of a private equity fund that owns 53 Planet Fitness Health Clubs, has to choose: continue in private equity or shift his career to managing and growing the health clubs. An African-American graduate of Princeton University and Harvard...
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Keywords:
Diversity Characteristics;
Ethnicity Characteristics;
Health Club Franchises;
African-american Entrepreneurs;
Finance;
Private Equity;
Decisions;
Entrepreneurship;
Motivation and Incentives;
Personal Development and Career;
Franchise Ownership;
Consulting Industry;
Boston
Rogers, Steven, and Alyssa Haywoode. "Omar Simmons: Franchising and Private Equity." Harvard Business School Case 318-055, February 2018. (Revised April 2018.)
- October 2012 (Revised October 2013)
- Case
Rock Health
By: Robert F. Higgins and Ian McKown Cornell
Rock Health was a San Francisco–based nonprofit organization offering accelerator services to spur innovation at the intersection of healthcare and technology. The company was the creation of Halle Tecco (HBS '11) and her HBS classmate Nate Gross (HBS '11), who met...
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Keywords:
Innovation;
Incubation;
Healthcare Technology;
Startups;
Entrepreneurship;
Innovation and Management;
Health Care and Treatment;
Business Startups;
Health Industry;
San Francisco;
California;
United States
Higgins, Robert F., and Ian McKown Cornell. "Rock Health." Harvard Business School Case 813-035, October 2012. (Revised October 2013.)
- May 2000 (Revised January 2003)
- Case
Health Development Corporation
Health Development Corp. (HDC) owns and operates health clubs in the Greater Boston area. HDC engaged a local investment banker to explore a sale of the company. The most likely buyer views HDC's prior purchase of real estate as a negative. HDC's management is...
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Keywords:
Cash Flow;
Property;
Business Exit or Shutdown;
Valuation;
Value;
Decisions;
Health Industry;
Boston
Ruback, Richard S. "Health Development Corporation." Harvard Business School Case 200-049, May 2000. (Revised January 2003.)
- January 2017
- Case
SoulCycle
By: David Collis, Eric Van den Steen and Ashley Hartman
Co-founders Julie Rice and Elizabeth Cutler have grown SoulCycle from a business idea in 2006 to a major presence among urban boutique fitness studios in 2015. In March 2015, fitness company Equinox approaches them with an offer to buy them out. Evaluating the offer...
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Keywords:
SoulCycle;
Flywheel;
Spinning;
Indoor Cycling;
Boutique Fitness;
Fitness;
Health Clubs;
Community Engagement;
Strategy;
Business Strategy;
Corporate Strategy;
Expansion;
Competitive Advantage;
Competitive Strategy;
Segmentation;
Health Industry;
Health Industry
Collis, David, Eric Van den Steen, and Ashley Hartman. "SoulCycle." Harvard Business School Case 717-454, January 2017.
- October 2016
- Case
The Quiet Ascension of LA Fitness
By: John R. Wells and Gabriel Ellsworth
In 2016, LA Fitness was the largest chain of non-franchised fitness clubs in North America, operating 676 clubs, serving 4.9 million members, and generating revenues of over $1.9 billion. Founded by Chinyol Yi, Louis Welch, and Paul Norris in 1984, the privately held...
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Keywords:
LA Fitness;
Health Clubs;
Fitness;
Gyms;
Chain;
Exercise;
Personal Training;
Retention;
Bally Total Fitness;
24 Hour Fitness;
Planet Fitness;
Buildings and Facilities;
Acquisition;
Business Growth and Maturation;
Business Model;
For-Profit Firms;
Customers;
Customer Focus and Relationships;
Customer Satisfaction;
Demographics;
Age;
Gender;
Income;
Residency;
Borrowing and Debt;
Capital;
Capital Structure;
Cash;
Cash Flow;
Cost;
Private Equity;
Financial Condition;
Financial Liquidity;
Financing and Loans;
Investment Return;
Price;
Profit;
Revenue;
Geographic Location;
Geographic Scope;
Multinational Firms and Management;
Business History;
Employees;
Recruitment;
Selection and Staffing;
Human Capital;
Contracts;
Business or Company Management;
Goals and Objectives;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Market Entry and Exit;
Operations;
Service Operations;
Leasing;
Private Ownership;
Problems and Challenges;
Sales;
Salesforce Management;
Situation or Environment;
Opportunities;
Sports;
Strategy;
Business Strategy;
Competition;
Competitive Strategy;
Competitive Advantage;
Corporate Strategy;
Expansion;
Segmentation;
Information Technology;
Mobile Technology;
Technology Platform;
Health Industry;
United States;
California;
Los Angeles
Wells, John R., and Gabriel Ellsworth. "The Quiet Ascension of LA Fitness." Harvard Business School Case 717-424, October 2016.
- November 2005 (Revised December 2016)
- Case
Bally Total Fitness (A): The Rise, 1962–2004
By: John R. Wells, Elizabeth A. Raabe and Gabriel Ellsworth
From a single, modest club in 1962, Bally Total Fitness had grown to become—in management’s words—the “largest and only nationwide commercial operator of fitness centers” in the United States in 2004. Bally had faced its share of challenges, but the last couple of...
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Keywords:
Bally Total Fitness;
Fitness;
Gyms;
Health Clubs;
Chain;
Securities And Exchange Commission;
Paul Toback;
Weight Loss;
Exercise;
Contracts;
Personal Training;
Retention;
Accounting;
Accounting Audits;
Accrual Accounting;
Finance;
Advertising;
Business Growth and Maturation;
Business Model;
For-Profit Firms;
Customers;
Customer Satisfaction;
Public Equity;
Financing and Loans;
Revenue;
Revenue Recognition;
Geographic Scope;
Multinational Firms and Management;
Health;
Nutrition;
Business History;
Lawsuits and Litigation;
Management;
Business or Company Management;
Goals and Objectives;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Marketing;
Operations;
Service Delivery;
Service Operations;
Public Ownership;
Problems and Challenges;
Business and Shareholder Relations;
Business Strategy;
Competition;
Corporate Strategy;
Expansion;
Segmentation;
Trends;
Cost Management;
Profit;
Growth and Development;
Leadership Style;
Five Forces Framework;
Private Ownership;
Opportunities;
Motivation and Incentives;
Competitive Strategy;
Health Industry;
United States;
Illinois;
Chicago
Wells, John R., Elizabeth A. Raabe, and Gabriel Ellsworth. "Bally Total Fitness (A): The Rise, 1962–2004." Harvard Business School Case 706-450, November 2005. (Revised December 2016.)
- July 2005 (Revised September 2016)
- Case
24 Hour Fitness (A): The Rise, 1983–2004
By: John R. Wells, Elizabeth A. Raabe and Gabriel Ellsworth
In October 2004, Mark S. Mastrov, CEO of 24 Hour Fitness, reflected on how far his company had come in just over 20 years. From humble beginnings in 1983 in San Leandro, California, 24 Hour Fitness had grown to become the largest privately-owned health-club chain in...
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Keywords:
24 Hour Fitness;
Mark Mastrov;
Health Clubs;
Fitness;
Gyms;
Chain;
Weight Loss;
Exercise;
Personal Training;
Retention;
Sales Force Compensation;
Incentive Systems;
Buildings and Facilities;
Business Growth and Maturation;
Business Model;
For-Profit Firms;
Customers;
Customer Focus and Relationships;
Customer Satisfaction;
Private Equity;
Revenue;
Geographic Scope;
Multinational Firms and Management;
Nutrition;
Business History;
Employees;
Recruitment;
Selection and Staffing;
Human Capital;
Business or Company Management;
Goals and Objectives;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Marketing;
Operations;
Service Operations;
Private Ownership;
Problems and Challenges;
Sales;
Salesforce Management;
Sports;
Strategy;
Business Strategy;
Competition;
Competitive Advantage;
Competitive Strategy;
Corporate Strategy;
Expansion;
Segmentation;
Information Technology;
Internet;
Technology Platform;
Web;
Web Sites;
Capital Structure;
Performance;
Organizational Structure;
Organizational Culture;
Health Industry;
United States;
California;
San Francisco
Wells, John R., Elizabeth A. Raabe, and Gabriel Ellsworth. "24 Hour Fitness (A): The Rise, 1983–2004." Harvard Business School Case 706-404, July 2005. (Revised September 2016.)
- 18 Oct 2016
- Op-Ed
Why Business Should Invest in Community Health
Children in the United States today are at risk to live shorter lives than their parents. This sobering assessment is one reason big box retailer Target is investing $40 million this year to improve the health of communities around the...
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- December 1992 (Revised March 1993)
- Case
Dan Gordon
Describes Dan Gordon's first month on the job as Chief Operating Officer of Club Sports International (CSI), a chain of 7 health and fitness clubs. Describes the company's strategy and organization. The company needs Dan to tighten up its operations and create a base...
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Keywords:
Decision Choices and Conditions;
Governance Controls;
Business or Company Management;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Organizational Design;
Health Industry
Roberts, Michael J. "Dan Gordon." Harvard Business School Case 393-087, December 1992. (Revised March 1993.)
- October 2016
- Supplement
24 Hour Fitness (B): Ownership Changes, 2005–2016
By: John R. Wells and Gabriel Ellsworth
In 2016, 24 Hour Fitness was the number-two fitness chain in the United States, generating revenues of $1.4 billion from 441 clubs serving 3.8 million members. Based in San Ramon, California, 24 Hour Fitness operated clubs in 13 states. Having grown rapidly to become...
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Keywords:
Advertising;
Advertising Campaigns;
Buildings and Facilities;
Acquisition;
Business Growth and Maturation;
Business Model;
Business Organization;
For-Profit Firms;
Customers;
Customer Focus and Relationships;
Customer Satisfaction;
Age;
Training;
Private Equity;
Financing and Loans;
Price;
Profit;
Revenue;
Geographic Location;
Geographic Scope;
Health;
Nutrition;
Business History;
Human Resources;
Employees;
Employee Relationship Management;
Recruitment;
Selection and Staffing;
Journals and Magazines;
Human Capital;
Business or Company Management;
Goals and Objectives;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Management Teams;
Marketing;
Brands and Branding;
Marketing Channels;
Marketing Communications;
Marketing Strategy;
Social Marketing;
Demand and Consumers;
Market Entry and Exit;
Media;
Organizational Design;
Private Ownership;
Problems and Challenges;
Groups and Teams;
Sales;
Salesforce Management;
Situation or Environment;
Welfare or Wellbeing;
Sports;
Strategy;
Business Strategy;
Competition;
Competitive Strategy;
Competitive Advantage;
Corporate Strategy;
Expansion;
Segmentation;
Information Technology;
Internet;
Mobile Technology;
Online Technology;
Software;
Web Sites;
Value;
Valuation;
Health Industry;
Health Industry;
United States;
California;
San Francisco
Wells, John R., and Gabriel Ellsworth. "24 Hour Fitness (B): Ownership Changes, 2005–2016." Harvard Business School Supplement 717-423, October 2016.
- April 2007 (Revised March 2008)
- Case
Dr. Iqbal Survé at Sekunjalo Investment Group (A)
By: Linda A. Hill and Emily Stecker
Dr. Iqbal Surve, a self-described "medical doctor, philanthropist, and social entrepreneur," was born in 1963 and grew up in poverty, like virtually all non-white South Africans during apartheid. During the 1970s and 1980s, he served in leadership positions in the ANC,...
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Keywords:
Crime and Corruption;
Social Entrepreneurship;
Investment;
Leadership;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Partners and Partnerships;
South Africa
Hill, Linda A., and Emily Stecker. "Dr. Iqbal Survé at Sekunjalo Investment Group (A)." Harvard Business School Case 407-019, April 2007. (Revised March 2008.)
- October 2016 (Revised January 2017)
- Supplement
Bally Total Fitness (B): The Fall, 2005–2016
By: John R. Wells and Gabriel Ellsworth
By many measures the largest health-club chain in the United States in the early 2000s, Bally Total Fitness sold most of its remaining fitness clubs to 24 Hour Fitness in 2014 and disappeared from the industry top 100 rankings. After Bally was bedeviled by accounting...
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Keywords:
Bally Total Fitness;
Accounting;
Accounting Audits;
Accrual Accounting;
Business Earnings;
Revenue Recognition;
Financial Statements;
Acquisition;
Business Exit or Shutdown;
For-Profit Firms;
Crime and Corruption;
Borrowing and Debt;
Capital;
Capital Structure;
Cash;
Cash Flow;
Public Equity;
Financial Condition;
Insolvency and Bankruptcy;
Financing and Loans;
Investment Activism;
Profit;
Revenue;
Geographic Scope;
Business History;
Executive Compensation;
Resignation and Termination;
Annual Reports;
Contracts;
Lawsuits and Litigation;
Business or Company Management;
Marketing;
Market Entry and Exit;
Private Ownership;
Public Ownership;
Problems and Challenges;
Strategy;
Business Strategy;
Competition;
Corporate Strategy;
Health Industry;
Health Industry;
United States;
Illinois;
Chicago
Wells, John R., and Gabriel Ellsworth. "Bally Total Fitness (B): The Fall, 2005–2016." Harvard Business School Supplement 717-422, October 2016. (Revised January 2017.)
- 08 Oct 2013
- First Look
First Look: October 8
Ferguson's Formula By: Elberse, Anita, and Sir Alex Ferguson Abstract—When Alex Ferguson took over as manager of the English football team Manchester United, the club was in dire straits: it hadn't won a league title in nearly 20 years...
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Keywords:
Sean Silverthorne
- 24 Jan 2017
- First Look
First Look at New Research: January 24, 2017
expectations. Purchase this case: https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/product/216045-PDF-ENG Harvard Business School Case 705-445 The U.S. Health Club Industry in 2004 In 2004, the $16.8 billion U.S. View Details
Keywords:
Sean Silverthorne
- 19 Dec 2023
- Research & Ideas
$15 Billion in Five Years: What Data Tells Us About MacKenzie Scott’s Philanthropy
comparison group. Top causes: education and health care Between 2020 and 2022, nonprofits in the youth, philanthropy, and housing sectors represented a larger share of grantees compared with the size of those segments of charitable giving...
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- 30 Jun 2022
- HBS Case
Peloton Changed the Exercise Game. Can the Company Push Through the Pain?
world went into lockdown, droves of people who couldn’t go to a health club turned their homes into one with Peloton’s pricey bikes and treadmills. Exercise enthusiasts used them with a devotion that earned...
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- 02 Sep 2015
- What Do You Think?
What's Wrong With Amazon’s Low-Retention HR Strategy?
the opportunity to earn high compensation--but jobs that often become too demanding for some employees, particularly those with health problems or family obligations. Former employees complained about bosses who lacked empathy for...
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