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- Faculty Publications (80)
- April 22, 2021
- Article
Shareholders Are Pressing for Climate Risk Disclosures. That's Good for Everyone
By: Caroline Flammer, Michael W. Toffel and Kala Viswanathan
Does shareholder activism induce firms to voluntarily disclose climate change risks? And how do markets respond to these disclosures? New research finds that the extent of climate-risk disclosure increases by approximately 4.6% for each environment-related proposal...
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Keywords:
Reporting;
Transparency;
Activism;
Shareholder Activism;
Shareholder Engagement;
Climate Change;
Corporate Disclosure;
Investment Activism;
Business and Shareholder Relations
Flammer, Caroline, Michael W. Toffel, and Kala Viswanathan. "Shareholders Are Pressing for Climate Risk Disclosures. That's Good for Everyone." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (April 22, 2021).
- January–February 2021
- Article
Food and Drug Administration Guidance Documents and New Medical Devices: The Case of Breast Prostheses
By: Rachel E. Weitzman, Ariel Dora Stern and Daniel B. Kramer
As pressure mounts on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to speed its review process for novel devices, and budgetary pressures further strain its resources, the critical role of guidance documents in assuring consistent, rigorous, and scientifically grounded...
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Keywords:
Medical Devices;
FDA;
Health Care and Treatment;
Government Administration;
Information;
Standards
Weitzman, Rachel E., Ariel Dora Stern, and Daniel B. Kramer. "Food and Drug Administration Guidance Documents and New Medical Devices: The Case of Breast Prostheses." American Journal of Therapeutics 28, no. 1 (January–February 2021).
- September 3, 2020
- Article
How to Measure a Company's Real Impact
By: Ronald Cohen and George Serafeim
Impact transparency will reshape capitalism. By shifting the pursuit of profit away from negligently creating problems to purposefully creating valuable solutions for the world, it will redefine success, so that its measure is not just money, but the positive impact we...
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Keywords:
Impact;
Impact Investing;
Impact Measurement;
Impact Investment;
Impact Investment Funds;
Accountability;
Accounting Information;
Corporate Performance;
Sustainability;
Social Impact;
Capitalism;
Accounting;
Corporate Accountability;
Performance;
Measurement and Metrics;
Social Enterprise;
Society
Cohen, Ronald, and George Serafeim. "How to Measure a Company's Real Impact." Harvard Business Review (website) (September 3, 2020).
- September–October 2020
- Article
Social-Impact Efforts That Create Real Value
By: George Serafeim
Until the mid-2010s few investors paid attention to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) data—information about companies’ carbon footprints, labor policies, board makeup, and so forth. Today the data is widely used by investors. How can organizations create...
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Keywords:
Sustainability;
Sustainability Management;
ESG;
ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance;
ESG Disclosure;
ESG Disclosure Metrics;
ESG Ratings;
ESG Reporting;
Social Impact;
Impact Measurement;
Social Innovation;
Purpose;
Corporate Purpose;
Corporate Social Responsibility;
Strategy;
Social Enterprise;
Society;
Accounting;
Investment;
Environmental Sustainability;
Climate Change;
Corporate Strategy;
Mission and Purpose;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Financial Services Industry;
Chemical Industry;
Technology Industry;
Consumer Products Industry;
Pharmaceutical Industry;
North America;
Europe;
Japan;
Australia
Serafeim, George. "Social-Impact Efforts That Create Real Value." Harvard Business Review 98, no. 5 (September–October 2020): 38–48.
- March 2020
- Article
Voluntary, Self-Regulatory, and Mandatory Disclosure of Oil and Gas Company Payments to Foreign Governments
By: Paul M. Healy and George Serafeim
Concerns about high rates of government corruption in resource-rich countries have led transparency advocates to urge oil and gas firms to disclose payments to host governments for natural resources. Transparency, they argue, can increase government accountability and...
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Keywords:
Oil & Gas;
Corruption;
Transparency;
Self-regulation;
Industry Self-regulation;
Regulation;
Disclosure;
Disclosure Regulation;
Energy Sources;
Crime and Corruption;
Corporate Disclosure;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Energy Industry
Healy, Paul M., and George Serafeim. "Voluntary, Self-Regulatory, and Mandatory Disclosure of Oil and Gas Company Payments to Foreign Governments." Accounting Horizons 34, no. 1 (March 2020): 111–129.
- January 2020 (Revised July 2020)
- Case
BlackRock: Linking Purpose to Profit
The case revolves around the actions that Barbara Novick, co-founder and Vice-Chair of Blackrock, and Michelle Edkins, Global Head of Investment Stewardship, would need to take in response to the controversial CEO letters from Laurence (Larry) Fink, Chairman and CEO of...
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Keywords:
Boards Of Directors;
Institutional Investors;
Disclosure;
Transparency;
Corporate Purpose;
Corporate Profits;
ESG;
ESG Disclosure Metrics;
Corporate Sustainability;
Engagement Strategy Of Institutions;
Stewardship Role Of Institutions;
BlackRock;
Corporate Governance;
Governing and Advisory Boards;
Institutional Investing;
Accounting;
Corporate Disclosure;
Mission and Purpose;
Profit;
Environmental Sustainability;
Climate Change;
Diversity;
Corporate Accountability;
Financial Services Industry;
United States
Deshpandé, Rohit, Aiyesha Dey, and George Serafeim. "BlackRock: Linking Purpose to Profit." Harvard Business School Case 120-042, January 2020. (Revised July 2020.)
- 2020
- Working Paper
Cutting the Gordian Knot of Employee Health Care Benefits and Costs: A Corporate Model Built on Employee Choice
By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Barak D. Richman
The U.S. employer-based health insurance tax exclusion created a system of employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) with limited insurance choices and transparency that may lock employed households into health plans that are costlier or different from those they prefer to...
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Keywords:
After-tax Income;
Consumer-driven Health Care;
Health Care Costs;
Health Insurance;
Income Inequality;
Tax Policy;
Health Care and Treatment;
Cost;
Insurance;
Employees;
Income;
Taxation;
Policy;
United States
Herzlinger, Regina E., and Barak D. Richman. "Cutting the Gordian Knot of Employee Health Care Benefits and Costs: A Corporate Model Built on Employee Choice." Duke Law School Public Law & Legal Theory Series, No. 2020-4, December 2019. (Revised January 2021.)
- 2019
- Working Paper
Thinking Outside the Box (12): The Benefits of Increased Transparency in Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance for the 180 Million Insured
By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Barak D. Richman
Economists have long noted that the tax exclusion of employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) caused workers to purchase health plans that differ in price and other characteristics from those they would otherwise choose for themselves. We explore the short-term and long-term...
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Keywords:
After-tax Income;
Consumer-driven Health Care;
Health Care Costs;
Health Insurance;
Income Inequality;
Tax Policy;
Health Care and Treatment;
Cost;
Insurance;
Income;
Equality and Inequality;
Taxation;
Policy;
United States
Herzlinger, Regina E., and Barak D. Richman. "Thinking Outside the Box (12): The Benefits of Increased Transparency in Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance for the 180 Million Insured." Duke Law School Public Law & Legal Theory Series, No. 2020-4, December 2019.
- Article
Mandate Outcomes Reporting
By: Robert S. Kaplan and Michael E. Porter
Currently, few health care providers measure and report their patient outcomes, which leads to several problems. Attempts to introduce price transparency without outcomes transparency could trigger a “race to the bottom.” Should Medicare coverage be expanded to...
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Keywords:
Outcomes Reporting;
Outcomes Measurement;
Medicare;
Medicaid;
Health Care and Treatment;
Outcome or Result;
Measurement and Metrics
Kaplan, Robert S., and Michael E. Porter. "Mandate Outcomes Reporting." Health Management, Policy and Innovation 4, no. 3 (December 2019).
- 2019
- Chapter
The Consequences of Mandatory Corporate Sustainability Reporting
By: Ioannis Ioannou and George Serafeim
A key aspect of the governance process inside organizations and markets is the measurement and disclosure of important metrics and information. In this chapter, we examine the effect of sustainability disclosure regulations on firms’ disclosure practices and...
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Keywords:
Mandatory Disclosure;
Mandatory Reporting;
Sustainability;
Corporate Social Responsibility;
Social Impact;
Valuation;
China;
South Africa;
Europe;
Asia;
Regulation;
Corporate Disclosure;
Integrated Corporate Reporting;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Corporate Governance;
China;
Denmark;
Malaysia;
South Africa
Ioannou, Ioannis, and George Serafeim. "The Consequences of Mandatory Corporate Sustainability Reporting." In The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility: Psychological and Organizational Perspectives, edited by Abagail McWilliams, Deborah E. Rupp, Donald S. Siegel, Günter K. Stahl, and David A. Waldman, 452–489. Oxford University Press, 2019.
- 2021
- Working Paper
Shareholder Activism and Firms' Voluntary Disclosure of Climate Change Risks
By: Caroline Flammer, Michael W. Toffel and Kala Viswanathan
This paper examines whether—in the absence of mandated disclosure requirements—shareholder activism can elicit greater disclosure of firms’ exposure to climate change risks. We find that environmental shareholder activism increases the voluntary disclosure of climate...
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Keywords:
Shareholder Activism;
Climate Risk;
Corporate Accountability;
Climate Change;
Corporate Disclosure;
Corporate Governance;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Business and Shareholder Relations;
Risk and Uncertainty;
Natural Environment;
Environmental Sustainability;
Financial Services Industry;
United States
Flammer, Caroline, Michael W. Toffel, and Kala Viswanathan. "Shareholder Activism and Firms' Voluntary Disclosure of Climate Change Risks." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-049, October 2019. (Revised March 2021.)
- Article
Four Things No One Will Tell You About ESG Data
By: Sakis Kotsantonis and George Serafeim
As the ESG finance field and the use of ESG data in investment decision-making continue to grow, the authors seek to shed light on several important aspects of ESG measurement and data. This article is intended to provide a useful guide for the rapidly rising number of...
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Keywords:
ESG;
ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance;
ESG Reporting;
Data Analytics;
Sustainability;
Sustainability Reporting;
CSR;
Transparency;
Investment Management;
Socially Responsible Investing;
Sustainable Finance;
Sustainable Development;
Inclusion;
Inclusive Growth;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Corporate Accountability;
Investment;
Management;
Climate Change;
Corporate Governance;
Diversity;
Integrated Corporate Reporting
Kotsantonis, Sakis, and George Serafeim. "Four Things No One Will Tell You About ESG Data." Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 31, no. 2 (Spring 2019): 50–58.
- January 2019
- Case
Data.gov (Abridged)
By: Karim R. Lakhani, Robert D. Austin and Yumi Yi
This case presents the logic and execution underlying the launch of Data.gov, an instantiation of President Obama's initiative for transparency and open government. The process used by Vivek Kundra, the federal CIO, and his team to rapidly develop the website and to...
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Keywords:
Safety;
Rights;
Analytics and Data Science;
Internet and the Web;
Ethics;
Cost vs Benefits;
Innovation and Management;
Information Management;
Public Administration Industry;
Information Industry;
United States
Lakhani, Karim R., Robert D. Austin, and Yumi Yi. "Data.gov (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 619-043, January 2019.
- December 2018
- Article
Reserve Design: Unintended Consequences and the Demise of Boston's Walk Zones
By: Umut Dur, Scott Duke Kominers, Parag A. Pathak and Tayfun Sönmez
Admissions policies often use reserves to grant certain applicants higher priority for some (but not all) available seats. Boston’s school choice system, for example, reserved half of each school’s seats for local neighborhood applicants while leaving the other half...
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Keywords:
Neighborhoods;
Equal Access;
School Choice;
Affirmative Action;
Desegregation;
Marketplace Matching;
Fairness;
Local Range;
Education;
Policy
Dur, Umut, Scott Duke Kominers, Parag A. Pathak, and Tayfun Sönmez. "Reserve Design: Unintended Consequences and the Demise of Boston's Walk Zones." Journal of Political Economy 126, no. 6 (December 2018): 2457–2479.
- November 2018
- Case
Governance Transition at Anadolu Group
By: Paul M. Healy and Esel Y. Cekin
Kamil Yazici and Izzet Ozilhan founded and built Anadolu Group Holding—a family business that grew into a multi-billion-dollar regional powerhouse. For 57 years they were equal partners in running the company. They then handed over a leadership role to a next...
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Keywords:
Family-managed Business;
Professionally-run Company;
Second-generation;
Third-generation;
Governance;
Governance Changes;
Succession Planning;
Corporate Culture;
Shareholders;
Board Of Directors;
Long-term Sustainability;
Conglomerate;
Family Business;
Corporate Governance;
Change Management;
Management Succession;
Leadership;
Transition;
Organizational Structure;
Consumer Products Industry;
Turkey;
Central Asia;
Middle East
Healy, Paul M., and Esel Y. Cekin. "Governance Transition at Anadolu Group." Harvard Business School Case 119-048, November 2018.
- Summer 2018
- Article
CSR Needs CPR: Corporate Sustainability and Politics
By: Thomas Lyon, Magali A. Delmas, John W. Maxwell, Pratima Bansal, Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline, Patricia Crifo, Rodolphe Durand, Jean-Pascal Gond, Andrew King, Michael Lenox, Michael W. Toffel, David Vogel and Frank Wijen
Corporate sustainability has gone mainstream, and many companies have taken meaningful steps to improve their own environmental performance. But while corporate political actions such as lobbying can have a greater impact on environmental quality, they are ignored in...
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Keywords:
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Environmental Sustainability;
Communication;
Policy;
Business and Government Relations
Lyon, Thomas, Magali A. Delmas, John W. Maxwell, Pratima Bansal, Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline, Patricia Crifo, Rodolphe Durand, Jean-Pascal Gond, Andrew King, Michael Lenox, Michael W. Toffel, David Vogel, and Frank Wijen. "CSR Needs CPR: Corporate Sustainability and Politics." California Management Review 60, no. 4 (Summer 2018): 5–24.
- February 2018
- Case
Infrastructure in Nigeria: Unlocking Pension Fund Investments
By: John Macomber and Pippa Tubman Armerding
The so-called “infrastructure finance gap” was a problem in Nigeria as in many parts of the world. Infrastructure projects like power plants and dams were very large capital investments that could generate long-term consistent cash flows, but their financing and...
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Keywords:
Pension Fund Investing;
Infrastucture;
Power/Energy;
Credit Enhancement;
Infrastructure;
Project Finance;
Investment Funds;
Emerging Markets;
Nigeria;
Africa
Macomber, John, and Pippa Tubman Armerding. "Infrastructure in Nigeria: Unlocking Pension Fund Investments." Harvard Business School Case 218-071, February 2018.
- October 2017 (Revised April 2018)
- Case
Improving Worker Safety in the Era of Machine Learning (A)
By: Michael W. Toffel, Dan Levy, Jose Ramon Morales Arilla and Matthew S. Johnson
Managers make predictions all the time: How fast will my markets grow? How much inventory do I need? How intensively should I monitor my suppliers? Which potential customers will be most responsive to a particular marketing campaign? Which job candidates should I...
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Keywords:
Machine Learning;
Policy Implementation;
Empirical Research;
Inspection;
Occupational Safety;
Occupational Health;
Regulation;
Analysis;
Forecasting and Prediction;
Policy;
Operations;
Supply Chain Management;
Safety;
Manufacturing Industry;
Construction Industry;
United States
Toffel, Michael W., Dan Levy, Jose Ramon Morales Arilla, and Matthew S. Johnson. "Improving Worker Safety in the Era of Machine Learning (A)." Harvard Business School Case 618-019, October 2017. (Revised April 2018.)
- March 2016 (Revised August 2018)
- Case
JPMorgan Chase after the Financial Crisis: What Is the Optimal Scope of the Largest Bank in the U.S.?
By: David Collis and Ashley Hartman
When Jamie Dimon took over as CEO of JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPMorgan Chase) in 2005, he reaffirmed the commitment to pursue a "universal bank" strategy—providing a full range of products and services to both retail and wholesale clients. Yet the merits of the universal...
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Keywords:
Scope;
Regulatory Reforms;
Universal Banking;
Synergy;
Optimization;
Simplification;
Finance;
Strategy;
Business Strategy;
Financial Crisis;
Consolidation;
Corporate Strategy;
Diversification;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Banking Industry;
Financial Services Industry
Collis, David, and Ashley Hartman. "JPMorgan Chase after the Financial Crisis: What Is the Optimal Scope of the Largest Bank in the U.S.?" Harvard Business School Case 716-448, March 2016. (Revised August 2018.)
- March 2016 (Revised April 2019)
- Technical Note
ESG Metrics: Reshaping Capitalism?
By: George Serafeim
In the past twenty-five years, the world had seen an exponential growth in the number of companies reporting environmental, social and governance (ESG) data. Investor interest in ESG data also grew rapidly. A growing belief that increasing levels of social inequality...
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Keywords:
Capitalism;
Sustainability;
Accountability;
Corporate Social Responsibility;
Responsibilities To Society;
Environment;
Social Impact Investment;
ESG;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Environmental Sustainability;
Measurement and Metrics;
Integrated Corporate Reporting;
Corporate Accountability;
Accounting;
Economic Systems
Serafeim, George, and Jody Grewal. "ESG Metrics: Reshaping Capitalism?" Harvard Business School Technical Note 116-037, March 2016. (Revised April 2019.)